Objective To investigate the morphological responses of enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons of submucosal plexus (SMP) in distal colon of rat models with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D). Methods Rat models with IBS-D were established with chronic unpredictable mild stress and acute wrap restrain stress (CAS). Double staining with immunohistofluorescence for colonic whole mount preparations was used to evaluate the distribution and proportion of SMP neurons expressing specific neurochemical markers [choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)] and their colocalization with anti-Hu antibody, which is the hallmark for whole enteric neurons. Results There was no obvious difference in the total numbers of anti-Hu positive neurons and ganglia between IBS-D and control group. The proportions of both VIP-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) and NOS-IR neurons in colonic SMP were higher in IBS-D rats compared with controls (62.2%±6.2% vs 55.4% ±5.4%;15.0%±4.0%vs 10.5%±2.9%, P<0.05). There was no difference in the proportion of ChAT-IR neurons between two groups. Conclusions VIP is the most specific neurotransmitter for excitatory secretomotor neurons in rat SMP, the increase of VIP-IR neurons can promote intestinal mucosal secretion, which might play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS with diarrhea.

Objecfive To establish the quality standard of Zaodi Anshen Pills. Methods TLC method was used to identify Spinosae and Radix polygoni Multiflori. HPLC method was used to determine the schisandrin, deoxyschizandrin and schisandrin B. Eclipse XDB-C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was adopted by gradient elution using MeOH-water solution as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength was at 254 nm, column temperature was at 40 ℃ and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Results The TLC spots were clear without interference of the negative control. The linear ranges of schisandrin, deoxyschizandrin and schisandrin B were within 338-1690 ng (r 2=0.999 1), 128-640 ng (r 2=0.999 3) and 236-1180 ng (r 2=0.999 4), and the average recoveries were 99.2%, 99.0% and 98.9% respectively. Conclusion This method is accurate, reliable, specific and reproducible, and can be used for quality control of Zaodi Anshen Pills.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIPO).Methods Clinical data of 43 patients with CIPO admitted in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2012 to December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.The clinical manifestations,laboratory examinations,images,treatment and prognosis of CIPO patients were analyzed.Results There were 14 males and 29 females with an mean age of (41.9 ± 16.1) years.Among 43 patients,32 were admitted in Gastroenterology Department,6 in General Medicine Department and 5 in Rheumatology Department.Twenty two cases were primary CIPO and 21 cases were secondary.The main clinical manifestations were abdominal distension (93.0％),abdominal pain (67.4％),vomiting (67.4％),diarrhea (46.5％) and constipation (41.9％).All 43 patients had decreased body weight and body mass index (BMI);23.3％ (10/43) patients were complicated with anxiety and depression.53.5％ (23/43) patients presented anemia and 55.8％ (24/43) patients presented hypoalbuminemia.All patients with CIPO underwent abdominal X-ray,which showed intestinal obstruction;but there was no evidence of mechanical obstruction.The average length of hospital stay was (28.4 ± 13.9) d.Twenty three cases underwent gastric decompression;28 cases (65.1％) received parenteral nutrition,and 21 cases (48.8％) received enteral nutrition;and 9 abdominal operations were performed in 8 patients.Conclusion When clinical symptoms of intestinal obstruction appear without mechanical cause,CIPO should be considered and secondary factors should be screened.Unnecessary surgery should be avoided in CIPO patients.

A 57-year-old man was admitted to hospital with diarrhea for 10 months and dizziness for 4 months. The patient had 1-2 liters watery stool per day, without pyogenic blood or abnormality in gastroenteroscopy examination. The level of hemoglobin and albumin was generally normal, and fasting test was positive. At the same time, he was accompanied with hyperalgesia of lower limbs and orthostatic hypotension. After the discussion of multiple disciplinary teams, the patient was diagnosed with amyloidosis by sural nerve biopsy, myocardial MRI, and the assays of urine immunoelectrophoresis and serum free light chain. Light chain amyloidosis was confirmed after excluded the diagnosis of familial amyloidosis. The patient was improved after courses of chemotherapy with melphalan and dexamethasone.

Objective To increase the understanding in protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).Methods Sixty-one PLE patients were enrolled in the study and the clinical characteristics, complicated disease, diagnosis and treatment were analyzed. Results The age of the patients was 16-77 (40±15)years, and the gender ratio was 35:26 (female: male). The main clinical manifestations were bilateral lower limb edema in 51 cases, ascites in 41 cases, bilateral pleural effusion in 23 cases, pericardial effusion in 13cases, abdominal pain in 16 cases and diarrhea in 33 cases. The prominent abnormality in laboratory examinations was hypoalbuminemia. The underlying diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 28 cases, intestinal lymphangiectasia in 12 cases, hepatic cirrhosis in 5 cases, heart diseases in 5 cases,Crohn's disease in 3 cases, membranous nephropathy in 2 cases, Budd-Chiari syndrome in 1 case. Four cases happened after abdominal operation and 1 case after radiation therapy of gastric cardia cancer. Thirtyseven cases were diagnosed by 99Tcm-labelled human serum albumin scintigraphy and 24 cases were diagnosed clinically. Treatment was focused on underlying diseases. The clinical manifestations in 21 cases of SLE improved after SLE was controlled. In 2 cases of intestinal lymphangiectasia and one with Crohn's disease, the clinical manifestations improved after surgery. The other patients had no improvement.Conclusions PLE was not uncommon in clinical practice. Its predominant characteristics were severe hypoalbuminemia, edema and dropsy of serous cavity. PLE can complicate other diseases such as SLE,intestinal lymphangiectasia. Treatment should be focused on primary disease.

Objective To detect the sera anti-enteric neuronal antibodies ( AENA ) in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea ( IBS-D) patients and analyzed its correlation with IBS-D symptoms to explore the potential roles of AENA in the pathogenesis of IBS.Methods IBS-D patients diagnosed with RomeⅢdiagnostic criteria were en-rolled in this study.The sera of healthy subjects were used as controls.Indirect immunofluorescence ( IIF) was used to detect the sera AENA with the substrate of ileal submucosal plexus of guinea pig .The immune reactivity ( IR) stains were read in blinded method .The bowel symptoms of patients with positive AENA were compared to thatwithnegativeandweeklypositiveantibodies.Results 1)Atotalof127IBS-Dpatientswereenrolledinthis study.The positive rate of sera AENA was 85.8%in IBS-D patients, and 7.0%in healthy controls.Among 109 IBS-D patients with positive IIF reactivity , 23.6%present with strong positive , 43.3% with positive and 18.9%with weakly positive stain .The IR patterns included cytoplasm staining , nucleus staining , cytoplasms and nuclei staining , nuclear membrane staining , cytoplasm and nuclear membrane staining .Six positive sera of healthy control showed cytoplasm staining to substrate neurons .2 ) More patients of IBS-D with positive IR had higher intestinal symptoms scores (>10 scores, 58.8%vs 38.1%), frequent abdominal pain in non-defecation period (91.7%vs 60.0%) , and severe abdominal pain/discomfort before defecation ( 24.7% vs 9.5%) comparing to those with negative and weekly positive IR of AENA;IBS-D patients with positive IR of AENA are more commonly associated with urgency comparing to those with negative IR in IIF (57.1%vs 87.3 ) .Conclusions AENA may play a role in the pathogenesis of IBS , and is a potential biomarker of IBS-D.

Objective To study the effect and mechanism of forkhead transcriptionfactor O1( FoxO1) on proliferation of rat mesangial cells(MCs) cultured under high glucose conditions. Methods Constructing lentiviral vectors of LV-CA-FoxO1 and LV-siRNA-FoxO1 were used to upregulate or downregulate FoxO1. Moreover, negative control LV-NC-FoxO1 was also constructed. Rat MCs were separately cultured in normal glucose(5. 6 mmol/ L, NG group), only high glucose(30 mmol/ L, HG0 group), LV-NC-FoxO1 with HG(HG1 group),LV-CA-FoxO1 with HG (HG2 group), and LV-siRNA-FoxO1 with HG(HG3 group) for 72 h. MTT assay and flow cytometrywas were used to analyze cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution. The expression of FoxO1, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p27), cyclinD1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4( CDK4) were detected by QRT-PCR and Western blot. Results The MCs proliferation rate in HG0 group was faster than that in NG group. Besides, there were no statistical differences in FoxO1 expression and proliferation rate of MCs between HG0 group and HG1 group. Nevertheless, LV-CA-FoxO1 promoted cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and attenuated proliferation rate, along with upregulation of FoxO1 and p27 and downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 in HG2 group ( all P < 0. 05). Moreover, degradation of FoxO1 by LV-siRNA-FoxO1 stimulated hyperproliferation of MCs, associating with decline of p27 and increase of cyclin D1 and CDK4 in HG3 group(all P<0. 05). Conclusion The proliferation of MCs induced by high glucose is regulated by utilizing transgenic technology targeted and regulated FoxO1 expression and consequently through FoxO1 / p27 signaling pathway. These findings indicate that FoxO1 seems to be a new therapeutic target for early diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To explore the value of virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ ) in the diagnosis of pancreas early damage of patients with hyperuricemia(HUA) .Methods Sixty‐five cases of patients with normal glucose tolerance and HUA (HUA group) and 42 cases of patients with HUA and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT group) were included in the study ,and other 150 health subjects were taken as control group .After routine ultrasound examination ,the pancreas shear wave velocity values (Vs) of different groups were measured by VTQ technology ,and the results were analyzed .Results Compared with the control group ,the rate of the abnormai ultrasonogram of pancreas in IGT group showed obvious increasing trend but there was no significantly difference between the other groups(both P >0 0.5) .The Vs of the normal control group ,HUA group ,and IGT group were (1 2.1 ± 0 1.5)m/s ,(1 4.1 ± 0 1.3)m/s and (1 5.9 ± 0 1.5)m/s ,respectively .The Vs of HUA group and IGT group were higher than that of the control group (both P <0 0.5) ,and the Vs of IGT group was significantly higher than that of HUA group ( P <0 0.5) .Conclusions Hyperuricemia may cause pancreas damage ,and with the disease progress ,the pancreas damage became more serious ,and VTQ technology may play an important role on the diagnosis of pancreas early damage in HUA patients .

Objective To study the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone metabolism in diabetic rats and the related molecular mechanism.Methods A total of 45 healthy 6-8 weeks old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated with streptozotocin.The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly assigned to diabetic group (DM),low dose vitamin D treated group(LD),and high dose vitamin D treated group(HD).Another 12 healthy SD rats were used as normol control group(NC).The rats in NC group and DM group were fed with 0.05 ml/d nut oil;those in the LD group and HD group were fed respectively with 0.03 and0.10 μg · kg-1 · d-1 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 dissolved in 0.05 ml nut oil.12 weeks later,serum calcium,phosphorus,osteocalcin,type Ⅰ collagen cross-linked telopeptide (NTX),and 24 h urinary calcium were determined.Right femurs were harvested for pathohistological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.Expressions of osteoprotegerin,receptor activator nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL),core binding factor α1(Cbfa1) were detected by immunohistochemical staining.The osteoprotegerin,RANKL,Cbfa1,osteocalcin mRNA levels of bone tissue were performed by realtime quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.Results (1) Compared with the NC group,serum calcium and 24 h urinary calcium in LD and HD groups were significantly higher (P＜0.05) ; 24 h urinary calcium in DM group was significantly higher than that in NC group (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Serum osteocalcin level in DM and LD groups was significantly lower than that in NC group (P＜0.05) ; there was no significant difference between the serum NTX levels of all groups (P＞0.05).(3) There was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of Cbfa1 in all groups (P＞0.05).The mRNA expression of osteocalcin in DM group was significantly lower than that in NC group (P ＜0.05).The mRNA expression of RANKL in DM group was significantly lower than that in NC group (P＜0.05) ; and that in LD and HD group was significantly higher than that in DM group (P＜0.05),and that in HD group was significantly higher than that in LD group (P＜0.05).The mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin in DM group was significantly lower than that in NC group (P＜0.05).The ratio of RANKL to osteoprotegerin in HD group was significantly higher than that in DM group (P＜0.05).Conclusions Vitamin D may promote bone metabolism in diabetic rats by up-regulating the expressions of osteocalcin and RANKL or in addition to other means.

Objective To summarize the clinical features of the third portion of duodenum (PATD) for improving the understanding of PATD.Methods Sixteen cases with PATD in Peking Union Medical College Hospital(PUMCH) were retrospectively analyzed.Results The most common symptoms of PATD were upper abdominal pain(12/16),vomiting (9/16) and distention (7/16).On average,the disease had progressed 5.5 months (including 2.5 months of diagnostic workup) before the diagnosis was established.Patients with pathologically poorly differentiated PATD had shorter course of disease (6.5 vs 16.6 months,P =0.56) and lower chance of cancer-directed surgery (1/8 vs 6/8,P =0.04) than those with well differentiated PATD.The diagnostic rate was 11/14 by CT scan while only 2/7 by upper gastrointestinal radiography.Three cases were misdiagnosed as superior mesenteric artery syndrome by barium examination.Conclusions PATD should be considered in patients presenting upper abdominal symptoms with negative gastmendoscopy and barium examination.Overall,CT scan plays a pivotal role in diagnosing PATD.Making a correct diagnosis timely can improve the outcome of PATD patients,particularly,in those with poorly differentiated pathology.