Objective To explore memory function affected by chronic insomnia. Methods Fiftyfive patients with primary insomnia (PI), 119 patients with comorbidity of depression and insomnia (CDI)and 50 normal individuals were enrolled. Objective memories, including spatial working memory, spatial reference memory, objective working memory and object reference memory, were detected by nine boxes maze, and subjective memory was assessed by themselves on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 ( extremely severe problem) to 4 (no problem). Results Compared to the controls, the self-evaluated memory ( 1( 1,2 ) ) was worse in the mild PI patients, and the spatial working memory ( 6 ( 2. 5,11 ) ) was also worse in the severe PI patients( ×2 = 4. 526,3. 529, both P ＜ 0. 01 ). For the CDI, the self-evaluated memory ( 2 ( 1,2) ) and spatial working memory (6(3,10)) were worse in the mild patients(×2 =5. 803,4. 155 ,both P ＜0. 01 ). However, the object ( 0. 5 (0,1) ) and spatial reference ( 1.5 ( 1, 3 ) ) memories were also worse in the severe patients ( ×2 =2. 641,3. 955 ,both P ＜0. 01 ). Conclusions PI damages subjective memory and the severe PI also damages spatial working memory. CDI damages various memory functions, especially in severe CDI patients, including subjective memory, object reference memory, spatial reference memory and spatial working memory.

ObjectiveTo explore alterations of serum levels and clinical significance of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). MethodsA total of 55 subjects participated in this study: 29 healthy volunteers and 26 patients with FM recruited from Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from June 2009 to October 2010.The depression rate was assessed by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17. ELISA was used for the detection of the serum levels of CRH, TRH and GnRH.Normal distribution quantitative data were described by the (-x) ± s and tested by independent sample t-test. Non-normal quantitative data were described by interquartile range and tested by independent Mann-Whitney.The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of 3 kinds of hormones test were analyzed by receiver operator characteristic ( ROC ) curve, and the Spearman correlation was used for analysis of hormone levels and age, gender, tenderness, pain degree and depression severity.Results Compared with the control (70. 0(48.7,78.0) ng/L), the fibromyalgia patients had obviously increased CRH (271.9 (210.9,326.5) rg/L, x2 =6.408, P＜0. 01) , and significantly higher TRH ((82.7 ±6. 9 ) ng/L vs ( 87. 2 ± 6. 8 ) ng/L, t = 2. 560, P ＜ 0. 05, respectively) and GnRH ( ( 18. 2 ± 0. 9 ) ng/L vs ( 19. 9 ± 1.6)ng/L,t =5. 324, P ＜0. 01, respectively). The serum concentrations of the CRH, TRH and GnRH were positively correlated with pain intensity and numbers of tenderness respectively, and those of the CRH and GnRH were positively correlated with depressive degree either. The areas under the ROC curve in the CRH, TRH and GnRH, evaluating the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of fibromyalgia, were respectively 1. 000, 0. 684 and 0. 854. ConclusionsThe FM patients had an increased secretion of CRH,TRH and GnRH. CRH might serve as the adjunctive criteria for the diagnosis of FM.

Objective To explore the effect of aging on nonspatial learning and memory ability or recognitive memory ability in C57BL/6 mice.Method The C57BL /6 mice were used and novel-object recognition task was used to test the recognition memory ability.Results There was hardly exploring behavior in half of mice in the novel-object recognition task.Conclusion The novel-object recognition task is valueless to evaluate the effect of age on the nonspatial learning and memory ability in the C57BL/6 mice.

Objective To explore whether there is the decline of learning and memory ability in C57BL/6 mice in radial six-arm water maze (RAWM) task. Methods The RAWM task was used to test the spatial abilities of learning and memory. Results All of old mice showed the decline of spatial learning and memory ability in the RAWM task. Conclusion RAWM task is excellent spatial learning and memory task and is sensitive to measure the age-related decline of learning and memory ability in C57BL/6 mice.

BACKGROUND: Vascular complications usually occur in diseases related to obesity such as primary hypertension or diabetes. Treating obesity with the method of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis gains a curative effect, so we presume that obesity may be correlated to blood stasis syndrome.OBJECTIVE: Analyzing the relationship between leptin(Lep) and insulinmetabolism of sugar and fat,endothelin(ET),blood pressure,body mass index(BMI), etc. Comparison of the differences in Lep and BMI between the blood stasis syndrome group and the non-blood stasis syndrome group was conducted to explore the correlation between obesity and the blood stasis syndrome.DESIGN: An observatory and controlled study based on patients with hypertension or diabetes.SETTING: Wards of the department of dardiovascular dedicine and the department of dndocrinology of a university of traditional Chinese medicine.PARTICIPANTS: All the patients in the present study were hospitalized at the Department of Internal Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital(Jinan City, Shangdong Province) of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2000 to January 2001.Among them, 126 cases with hypertension were at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, and 133 cases with type 2 diabetes were at the Department of Endocrinology. Inclusion criteria: ① The diagnosis of diabetes followed the diagnostic criteria for diabetes that was formulated by the WHO in 1980; ② The diagnosis of hypertension followed the diagnostic criteria in"China' s Guidebook for Hypertension Prevention and Treatment." The patients were aged between 45-76 years. Exclusion criteria: ① Secondary hypertension,diabetics; ②Complicated with severe diseases; ③ Complicated with severe disfunction of the heart,lung,liver, kidney or severe primary diseases in hematopoietic system; ④ Patients with mental disorder or pregnant women or in the state of lactation; ⑤ Patients aged <45'years old or>76 years old; ⑥ Patients who refused to participant in the study. Eighty-four cases with primary hypertension and 85 diabetics met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 169 cases including 73 male cases and 96 female cases. The cases were divided into blood stasis syndrome group and non-blood stasis syndrome group according to the clinical symptoms. There were 23 male cases and 37 female cases in the blood stasis syndrome group.METHODS: Drawing vein blood at the state of empty stomach for making plasma and serum. ET was detected with the radioimmuoassay(RIA) kit of ET by the method of RIA(the Arithmometer of Amma5500γ) . Lep and Ins were detected with the radioimmuoassay(RIA) kit of Lep and the radioimmuoassay(RIA) kit of Isu. The fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol(TC),triamid-glycerin(TG), high dense lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL) and low dense lipoprrotein-cholesterol(LDL) were detected by the full-automatic bio-chemical analytical instrument of AMS-SaBa/8.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparing the difference of Lep,Ins,ET between different diseases,syndromes; analyzing the relationship between Lep and Ins,BMI,blood sugar,blood lipid,blood pressure,etc.RESULTS: The detectable rate of the blood stasis syndrome in the diabetes group was higher than that in the hypertension group (P<0.05) . The ET density,Lep density,BMI,the percentage of fat of the blood stasis syndrome group were higher than those of the non- blood stasis syndrome group (P<0.05 ). The Ins density of the blood stasis syndrome group was lower than that of the non-blood stasis syndrome group(P<0.01 ). There was a positive correlation between Lep and BMI,the percentage of fat,ET,systolic pressure (SP),pulse pressure(PP) (P<0.05 or P<0. 01).CONCLUSION: There was a positive correlation between obesity and the blood stasis syndrome. Lep of patients with type 2 diabetes or hypertension was positively correlated to BMI,the percentage of fat and the level of ET.

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of Naofuqing Capsules on senile dementia. Methods: 30 patients with senile dementia were treated with Naofuqing Capsules and the curative results were compared with that of the control group 30 cases. Results: The results showed that the integral titres of MMSE and HDS R of groups increased obviously after treatment( P 0.05). The total effective rates were 83.3% and 80.0%,respectively. No obvious difference was observed in clinical effect between two groups. Conclusion: Naofuqing Capsules possesses a definite therapeutic effect for senile dementia.

Objective To investigate the correlation between resistin,adiponectin and the blood stasis syndrome in diabetic and primary hypertension patients.Method The primary hypertension and diabetes patients were drawn vein blood to make plasma and serum.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method was used in checking serum adiponectin and resistin.Radioimmuoassay method was applied in checking serum insulin,leptin,ET and tumor necrosis factor(TNF).The fasting blood sugar,total cholesterol(TC),triamid-glycerin(TG),high dense lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL) and low dense lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL) were detected by the chemi-enzymic method.The relation between the indexes and blood stasis syndrome was analyzed by SAS9.1 for windows.Results The detectable rate of the blood stasis syndrome in the diabetic patients was 0.423,while 0.246 in the primary hypertension patients.The difference was significant in statistics.Incidence of blood stasis syndrome increased with the course of illness.Compared with the non-blood stasis syndrome group,the content of leptin,ET and TNF in the blood stasis syndrome group significantly raised,but the content of adiponectin and insulin diminished.The content of resistin did not have obviously change.Compared with the primary hypertension patients,the level of leptin,adiponectin,resistin,insulin in the diabetic patients raised,but there wasn't significant difference in the level of ET and TNF.Conclusions There is negative correlation between adiponectin and the blood stasis syndrome.The link between obesity and the blood stasis syndrome may be through fat factor regulating vasoactive factor.The blood stasis syndrome caused by obesity maybe have nothing to do with the consistency of resistin.

The authors have studied the changes in the concentration of glutathione of the red blood cell (RBC-GSH) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in 54 patients with acute brain stroke. The results indicated that the concentration of RBC-GSH reduced obviously and that of plasma MDA increased markedly within 72 hours after illness. However, there is no obvious difference between the cases of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases and cerebral infarction group. The RBC-GSH level rised again in the 7th day, while the plasma MDA still remained higher level, they were normal during the convalescent period. The pathological basis of the change may be the response of the free radicals in human body.

Objective To explore the differences of memory functions and objective sleep parameters and their correlations in patients with insomnia disorder in different subtypes.Methods Eightynine patients with insomnia disorder,including 11 patients with difficulty initiating sleep(DIS),20 patients with early morning awakening(EMA),20 patients with difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS) and 38 patients with mixed sleep symptoms(MS) were enrolled between August 2012 and February 2014 in the Memory and Sleep Disorders Clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University.Memory functions,including objective memory,spatial memory,working memory and reference memory were detected with nine boxes maze,and objective sleep profiles were assessed using polysomnography.Results The error numbers of spatial(H =15.404,P =0.002) and working (H =10.126,P =0.018) memories were significantly different among the 4 subtypes of patients,with more errors of spatial and working memory in the EMA (6.00 (5.00,8.00),5.00 (4.00,6.00)) and MS (5.00 (3.75,7.25),5.00 (2.75,7.00)) groups compared with the DMS (2.50 (2.00,4.00),2.00 (1.00,4.00)) group (tspstial =3.938,3.428;t =2.803,2.840;all P ＜ 0.05).Sleep efficiency(H =7.929,P =0.048),REM sleep time(F =2.840,P =0.043) and the percentage of REM sleep time on total sleep time (REM％;H =7.913,P =0.048) were also significantly different among the 4 subtypes of patients,with lower sleep efficiency in the MS(69.7％ (50.5％,78.7％)) group compared with the EMA (81.0％ (64.8％,86.4％)) and DMS (80.2％ (62.6％,88.9％)) groups (t =2.242,2.352;all P ＜ 0.05),less REM sleep time (min) and REM％ in the EMA(61.6 ±27.1,16.9％ (13.1％,21.9％)) and MS(56.9 ±31.4,16.9％ (11.5％,21.2％)) groups compared with the DMS (80.9 ± 32.7,22.3％ (18.5％,25.5％)) group (qREM time =3.791,5.397;tREM％ =2.513,2.612;all P ＜0.05).The error numbers of working memory and spatial memory negatively correlated with the REM sleep time (r =-0.387,-0.348;all P ＜ 0.05) and REM％ (r =-0.350,-0.354;all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There are discrepancies in the spatial and working memories and subtle differences in the objective sleep parameters among the patients with different subtypes of insomnia disorder.The worse memories in insomnia disorder patients might be associated with the decreased REM sleep.

OBJECTIVE:To study the protective effect of shuanghuanglian sterilized powder for injection on hepatic in?jury of model mouse induced by human cytomegalovirus(HCMV)infection.METHODS:The mice were randomized into nor?mal control group,infection model group,ganciclovir group and shuanghuanglian sterilized powder for injection group(high,middle and low dosage),all of which except the normal control were vaccinated with HCMV5d to establish the hepatic injury model,each group was administered with different drugs;10days later,the enzyme activity of ALT and AST in the eye sockets blood of each group was determined;The mice were put to death by cervical vertebra dislocation and the necrosis degree of livers from the dead mice was evaluated and the pathological observation was conducted.RESULTS:The activity of ALT and AST were normal in the normal control,and no significant changes were found in the livers of this group;Compared with the normal control,the plasma ALT and AST levels have been increased significantly and there was a significant pathological hepatic injury in the infection model group;Compared with the infection model group,significant decreases were found in the activity of ALT and AST in the high and middle dosage groups of shuanghuanglian sterilized powder for injection,and there were obvious alleviated pathologic hepatic injury while no significant differences were found in the plasma ALT and AST ac?tivity in the low dosage group;Compared with the infection model group,the ALT and AST activity of the ganciclovir group were lowed significantly;Compared with the ganciclovir group,no significant differences were found in the ALT and AST ac?tivity in the high and middle dosage groups of shuanghuanglian sterilized powder for injection.CONCLUSION:Shuanghuan?glian sterilized powder for injection does have protective effect on hepatic injury of model mouse induced by HCMV.