Abstract: Objective To explore the correlation between lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and to provide a convenient methodological basis for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD and the determination of its efficacy. Methods A total of 81 COPD patients and 40 healthy controls were selected from the respiratory department of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from August 2020 to February 2022 as the research subjects. The COPD patients were divided into 41 cases in the acute exacerbation group and 40 cases in the remission group according to their status. All participants underwent lung function detection, venous blood and EBC collection, and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in EBC and venous blood were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and correlation analysis was performed by Pearson correlation analysis method. Results The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in EBC of in the acute exacerbation group, the healthy control group, the remission group were (5.16±0.18) pg/μL and (7.75±0.27) pg/μL, (2.66±0.31) pg/μL and (2.41±0.24） pg/μL, (3.61±0.29) pg/μL and (3.17±0.38) pg/μL, respectively. Compared with the healthy control group, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in EBC in the COPD acute exacerbation group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group and the COPD remission group (F=9.451, 8.217, P<0.001). Serum tests were consistent with this result. Correlation analysis showed that the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in EBC were significantly positively correlated with the level of serum inflammation levels (P<0.001), while significantly negatively correlated with lung function (P<0.001).  Conclusions TNF-α and IL-1β in EBC are potential biomarkers of inflammation in patients with COPD, and their detection can be used to effectively assess lung function in patients with COPD. 

Carotenoids play an important role in regulating the hydrogen production of hydrogen-producing Rhodobacter sp. The carotenoids of hydrogen-producing Rhodobacter sp. grown in acetate medium were extracted by using acetone-methanol (7∶2,V/V) solvent and were separated by using thin-layer chromatography on silica-gel plate. The qualitative and quantitative of the carotenoids were analyzed by spectrometry. The results showed that the carotenoids were completely extracted three times with acetone-methanol (7∶2,V/V) in two hours. The ultrasonication had little effect on yield of carotenoids. The yield of carotenoids was 2.81mg/g wet cell. There were 4 spots on the silica-gel plate in the order of yellow, red, light red and light yellow. Yellow spot and red spot were the dominant composition of carotenoid in Rhodobacter sp. The spectrometry data showed that the yellow and red component might be the spheroidene and spirilloanthin respectively.

To promote quality of the whole nursing,build harmonious relation of nurse and patient is basement.Nurse how to make language art utilize at the interflow of nurse and patient,to promote understanding and sustain between nurse and patient,improve cure,nursing effect,reduce contradictory of nurse and patient is the key of building harmonious relation of nurse and patient.

Objective To investigate the spousal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)and its related factors in HIV epidemic area,which can be beneficial to prevent HIV from transmitting.Methods Three hundred and forty-six couples with one spouse were anti-HIV positive were cross-sectionally investigated.Blood samples were taken from the spouse of subjects whose anti- HIV were positive to detect the anti-HIV antibody and from 70 acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)patients to do the sequencing of the serum HIV provirus DNA.Results In 346 couples,99 were infected by spousal transmission and its transmission rate was 28.6%.One spouse of 125 couples were infected with HIV by paid blood donation,14.4%(18)of the other spouse were infec- ted by spousal transmission.One spouse of 135 couples were infected by paid blood transfusion, 23.7%(32)of the other spouse were infected by spousal transmission.Eighty-six couples were infec- ted by extramarital sexual contact,49(57.0%)got spousal transmission.Thirty-seven(69.8%) subjects were infected by husband-to-wife transmission and 12(36.4%)were from wife to husband. The difference between them was significant(P

Objective To investigate the influence of safe sex education and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody sero-conversion status among HIV-discordant spouses.Methods Totally 1 258 HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases and their spouses were enrolled and the related information was collected during 2005 to 2007.The HIV negative spouses were tested for HIV antibody once every 6 months.The effects of safe sex education and ART on sero-conversion status of HIV-discordant spouses were analyzed.The date were analyzed by x2 test.Results Without any intervention,505 out of 1 258 HIV/AIDS spouses were positive for HIV test,with the HIV natural spousal transmission rate of 40.1％.Among 442 blood source and 816 sexual source index HIV cases,HIV was positive in 103 and 402 of their spouses,respectively,with the HIV transmission rates between couples of 23.3％ and 49.3 ％,respectively.HIV transmission rate in sexual source group was higher than that in blood source group (x2 =80.421,P＜0.01).Among 608 male and 650 female index HIV cases,HIV was positive in 333 and 172 of their spouses,respectively,with the HIV transmission rates between couples of 54.8％ and 26.5％,respectively.Rate of HIV transmission from men to women was higher than that from women to men (x2 =104.770,P＜0.01).Among 753 HIV discordant couples,only 5 spouses had HIV sero-conversion (0.7％) after comprehensive intervention measures during 5 years of follow-up period.Among 31 HIV/AIDS patients who were only accepted safe sex education,3 of their spouses were HIV positive (9.7％).The transmission rate was lower than that in patients without any intervention (40.1％) (x2 =11.760,P＜0.01).Among 722 HIV/AIDS patients received ART,2 of their spouses were HIV positive (0.3 ％),which was lower than the transmission rate (9.7％) in ART-na(i)ve group (x2=39.821,P＜0.01).Conclusion Safe sex education should be implemented throughout the health management of HIV/AIDS patients and their spouses.If possible,early ART should be carried out to reduce the risk of HIV transmission between married couples.

Objective To analyze the incidence,mortality and risk factors of death in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).Methods A total of 427 HIV/HCV co-infected patients admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University or local disease prevention and control canters from January 2003 to December 2010 were enrolled in the study.The demographic and clinical data of patients were retrospectively studied.Cox progressive regression model was used for data analysis,and Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate the effect of end-stage liver diseases on the death.Results of 427 HIV/HCV co-infected patients,53 ( 12.4％ ) died during the follow-up,in which 28 (52.8％) died of liver-related diseases.Male gender ( RR =2.63,P =0.05 ),infection via blood transfusion ( RR =2.15,P =0.04),baseline CD4 + T cells ＜50 cells/μL ( RR =2.83,P =0.02),HIV RNA≥ 104copies/mL at the end of follow-up (RR =2.79,P =0.00 ) and complicated with end-stage liver disease ( RR =7.79,P =0.00) were significantly related to the death.Duration of cART ＞ 5 years is a protective factor for the death ( RR =0.03,P =0.00).Themortality of patients complicated with end-stage liver diseases was 52.7％ ( 29/55 ).Conclusion Liver disease-related death has become the leading cause of death in HIV/HCV co-infected patients,and patients with end-stage liver diseases are of high risk of death.

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients after antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methods The demographic and clinical data of HIV-HCV coinfected patients in Zhongnan Hospital,Wuhan University and local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from Jan 2003 to Dec 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Single factor and multiple factor Logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation between the variables and incidence of ESLD,such as baseline age ≥40,male,previous blood transfusion history,duration of HCV persistent infection,hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection (HBsAg positive),HIV RNA≥-1 ×104 copy/mL at last visit,HCV RNA≥ 1.× 105 copy/mL at last visit,CD4 count ＞ 200 / μL at last visit,alanine aminotranferase (ALT) ≥ 2 × upper limit normal (ULN) at last visit,ART containing nevirapine (NVP),follow-up duration,ART duration＞5 years and HCV genotype 1b.The effect of ESLD on the survival of HIV-HCV co-infected patients was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method.Results Totally 427 HIV-HCV co-infected patients were followed up with average of 3.7 years. Fifty-five patients (12.9％) developed ESLD,and 52 patients (12.2％) died.Factors independently associated with ESLD included baseline age≥40 (OR=2.385,P=0.039),ALT ≥2× ULN (OR=16.374,P=0.000),HBV-coinfection (OR=2.507,P=0.042),duration of ART ＞ 5 years (OR=3.232,P=0.010),and CD4 count ≥200/μL (OR=0.364,P=0.011).The cumulative mortality of HIV-HCV co-infected patients with ESLD was 50.9％,whereas that of HIV-HCV co-infected patients without ESLD was 6.5％ (P=0.000).Conclusion In the ART era,ESLD is common among HIV-HCV co-infected patients in China,which is responsible for reducing the survival time of the patients.

Objective To investigate the influence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on efficacy of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Methods Seventy-eight subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HBV co-infection and 156 subjects with HIV mono-infection were included.CD4+ T cell count,HIV viral load,HBV-markers and liver functions were routinely tested.The differences in survival rate,as well as immunological and virological responses between the two groups (HIV/HBV co-infection group and HIV mono-infection group) during cART were compared.Categorical data were compared by Chisquare test,measurement data were compared by t test,and measurement data with abnormal distribution were compared by Mann-Whitney test.Results At month 42 of cART,HIV RNA levels and CD4+ T cell counts of the two groups were comparable.However,at month 48,54 and 60 of cART,the immunological and virological responses of HIV/HBV co-infection group were less favorable than those of HIV mono-infection group.At each time point of month 12,24,36,48 and 60 of cART,3 out of 13 subjects with HIV/HBV co-infection maintained hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)loss; the HBeAg seroconversion rates were 32.1％ (9/28),50.0％ (14/28),53.6％ (15/28),64.3％ (18/28) and 71.4％ (20/28),respectively (x2 =10.189,P=0.037) ; HBV DNA negative rates were 95.1％ (39/41),82.9％ (34/41),68.3％ (28/41),43.9％ (18/41) and 43.9％ (18/41),respectively (x2 =29.982,P=0.000); liver dysfunction rate was 32.1 ％ (25/78),51.4％ (38/74),33.8％ (22/65),47.9％ (23/48) and 6.7％ (3/45),respectively (x2 =28.053,P=0.000).Mortalities in HIV/HBV co-infected and HIV mono-infected individuals were 24.4％ (19/78) and 5.1 ％ (8/156),respectively (x2 =18.841,P＜0.01).Sixteen out of the 19 deaths (84.2 ％) in HIV/ HBV co-infected subjects died of end stage liver diseases.Conclusions HBV co-infection diminishes the long term efficacy of cART.End stage liver diseases are the primary cause of death in HIV/HBV co-infected subjects during cART.

Objective To understand major risk factors associated with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) among patients with human immunedeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection.Methods Patients with HIV/HBV co-infection were followed-up and factors related to ESLD were analyzed using logistic regression model to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for them. Results A total of 255 patients with HIV/HBV co-infection were investigated, with an incidence of ESLD of 19. 2% ( 49/255 ). Major risk factors associated with ESLD among patients with HIV/HBV co-infection included count of CD4 below 200 cells/μl at baseline, HIV RNA load decreasing to the lower limit of its detection level within six months after antiretroviral treatment (ART), abnormal of serum activities of transaminase (ALT or AST), longer persistently positive of HIV RNA and HBV DNA, and use of lamivudine-based ART, with OR of 6. 503,14. 456, 0. 049, 1. 814, 1. 536 and 0. 012, respectively. Conclusions Lower CD4 count, abnormal serum transaminases, persistent replication of HIV and HBV all are closely related to ESLD in patients with HIV/HBV co-infection. Therefore, lamivudine-based ART should be of choice for patients with HIV/HBV coinfection to decrease incidence of ESLD.

Objective To compare the epidemiological characteristics of patients acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through sexual contact or blood transfusion. Methods A total of 679 HIV/AIDS patients were recruited. The informed consents were obtained from all participants. CD4+T lymphocyte count, anti-syphilis and HIV-1 subtype of recruited cases were tested, and anti-HIV of their spouses was tested.Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping was performed in female patients. The data were analyzed by t test and chi square test. ResultsThere were 348 cases in heterosexual transmission group (STG) and 331 in blood transfusion group (BTG). HIV-1 genotyping was performed in 120 STG cases and 90％ (108/120) were mixed genotypes; HIV1 genotypes in 107 BTG cases were all subtype B'. Curable sexual transmitted diseases (STDs) in STG and BTG were identified in 293 and 156 cases, respectively. The incidence of cSTDs were 34.1％ (100/293) in STG and 5.8％ (9/156) in BTG (x2 =44. 541, P＜0.01). Forty-three females in STG and 138 females in BTG were tested for HPV, and the HPV infection rates ware 67.4％ (29/43) and 26.8％ (37/138), respectively (x2 =23. 361, P＜0.01). Among 348 cases in STG and 331 cases in BTG, the rate of HIV transmission between couples was 48.9％ (170/348) and 23.3％ (77/331),respectively (x2 =47. 991, P＜0. 05). ConclusionsThe diagnosis of HIV infection acquired through sexual contact is usually late, which results in a relatively high risk for viral transmission. Furthermore, the co-infection of HIV and HPV or other sex transmission disease is common.