Background It is well known that sclera remodeling occurs during axial elongation in myopia under the control of growth hormone or its downstream effectors.The role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in myopia has been determined in previous studies.Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is one of members of the TGF-β superfamily,but if it plays an important role in the genesis and development of myopia is not completely clear.Objective This study was to identify the presence of BMPs in normal guinea pigs sclera and investigate the change of BMPs in the sclera in form-deprivation myopia (FDM) of guinea pigs.Methods Thirty young guinea pigs were randomized into normal control group and experimental group using table of random number.FDM models were established by occluding unilateral eyes of guinea pigs with a translucent lens for 14 days in the experimental group,and the fellow eyes served as the controls.Diopter of all eyes was tested by retinoscopy optometry,and ocular axial length was measured by A-sonography before and after modeling.Posterior sclera tissue of the animals was obtained on 14 days,and the relative expression level of BMPs mRNA and protein were assayed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot.The use and care of the animals complied with ARVO Statement.Results On 14 days after occluding of unilateral eyes,the refraction diopter of the experimental group was (-0.48±0.51) D,and that of the fellow eyes was (3.22 ±0.34) D,showing a significant difference between them (t =-12.814,P =0.000).Also,a significant difference in the diopter was seen between the experimental group and normal control group ([-0.48±0.51]D vs.[2.97±0.70]D,t =-11.878,P=0.000).Axial length was (8.30 ± 0.05) mm in the experimental group,(8.11 ±0.06) mm in the fellow eyes and (8.06±0.06) mm in the normal control group,showing a significant increase in the experimental group compared with the fellow eyes and normal control group (t =7.230,P =0.000 ; t =9.084,P=0.000).The expressions of BMP-2 mRNA,BMP-4 mRNA,BMP-5 mRNA in posterior sclera were detected in the normal guinea pigs.Fourteen days after the induction of myopia,the relative levels of BMP-2 mRNA and BMP-5 mRNA in sclera were 0.41 ± 0.11 and 0.65 ± 0.06 in the experimental eyes,which were significantly lower than 0.62 ± 0.07 and 0.84 ± 0.03 in the fellow eyes with the descent range of 34.48％ and 23.67％ respectively (t=2.838,P=0.017; t=2.524,P=0.028).The relative values of BMP-2 protein and BMP-5 protein were 0.44±0.06 and 0.70±0.05 in the experimental eyes,and those of the fellow eyes were 0.61±0.05 and 0.82±0.03,showing significant decline in the experimental eyes with the lowing range of 23.42％ and 15.21％,respectively (t =2.465,P =0.030;t =2.445,P=0.031).No significant differences were found in the expression of BMP-4 mRNA and protein in posterior sclera between the experimental eyes and the normal control eyes (mRNA:t =0.704,P=0.460;protein:t=0.987,P=0.365).Conclusions The expressions of the BMP-2 and BMP-5 in sclera down-regulate significantly in FDM eyes,which suggest that BMP-2 and BMP-5 participate in sclera remodeling during myopia induction.

Comparing the patients with type 2 diabetes and the control and using the animal models,the researchers have found some disease related proteins and the marks for disease detection.They have set some new detection methods and give us a special view into type 2 diabetes.We do some primary discussions about recent studies and future development directions in the proteomics study of type 2 diabetes in this article.

Objective To investigate the effect of testosterone on mitotic orientation in rat prostate epithelial cells and the relative differential gene expression.Methods Twenty SPF male SD rats were divided into 2 groups at random and then subjected to castration.One group of rats was administrated with testosterone 3.7 mg daily for 30 days and the control group was only injected with olive oil.Microscopic analysis was performed using immunohistochemistry.Differential gene expression analysis was conducted by gene microarray and RT-PCR techniques.Results In the testosterone-adminis-trated group, there was a significant mitosis orientation parallel to the basement membrane.But in the control group, mito-sis orientation was oriented perpendicular to the basement membrane.Using the gene microarray and RT-PCR techniques, the cell proliferation genes such as Ran, Tgm4 and Wnt2 in Wnt signal pathway were up-regulated in the testosterone group.Conversely, suppressor cell proliferation genes such as Dkk3 and Fas were down-regulated.Conclusions Mitotic orientation of prostate epithelia cells is changed after testosterone administration.Wnt signal pathway and AR singling path-way also have an influence on the mitosis orientation and cell proliferation.

Adult ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Skin ; pathology ; Skin Neoplasms ; pathology ; Skin Ulcer ; pathology ; Tibia

Objective To investigate the mechanism and significance of low concentration nitric oxide (NO) inhalation in the treatment of pulmonary thromboembelism in swine. Method The pulmonary thromboem-bolism(PTE) model was made in 15 healthy infantile swines which were subsequently assigned to either control group (n = 8) or NO group (n = 7). Swines of the control group were not treated with any medicine, while 10 ppm of NO was administered by continuous inhalation for 2 hours to swines of NO group. Volume of physiological dead space (VDphy), volume of alveolar dead space (VDalv), intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), arterial blood pH (pH), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) were measured 30 min before and 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min after establishment of VIE. Results The post-FIE VDphy, VDalv, Qs/Qt and PAP in both groups increased markedly after PTE compared with the cor-responding pre-PTE measurements (P < 0.01). Post-FIE PaO2 of both groups decreased significandy (P <0.05 and P <0.01), while significance difference was found between pre- and post-PTE HR, SBP, CO, pH or PaCO2 in neither groups (P > 0.05). Both post-PTE PAP and VDalv in NO group were markedly lower(P <0.05 and P <0.01) and beth PaCO2 and PaO2 were much higher than those of the control group (P <0.05). No signi-fieant difference were found in other measurements between two groups. Conclusions Pulmonary arterial pressure may be lowered, alveoli dead space may be reduced and PaCO2 increased by low concentration NO inhalation for the treatment of PIE without decline in haemodynamic status.

Objective To investigate the mechanism and significance of low density nitric oxide (NO) in-halation combined with urokinase (UK) in treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism in swine. Method PIE model was estabhshed in 12 healthy infant swines, which were subsequently assigned to UK group or UK+NO ter establishment of the PIE model;in the UK+NO group, swines received continuous NO inhalation of 10 ppm NO for two hours in addition to administration of UK no done in the UK+NO group. Volume of physiological dead space (VDphy), volume of alveolar dead space (VDalv), intrapoulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), mean ptdmonary arteri-al pressure (PAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rote (HR), cardiac output (CO), arterial blood pH val-ue, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) were mea-sured at 30 min before and 0 min, 30 min, 60 rain, 120 min and 180min after establishment of pulmonary em-bolism.All date were analyzed by ANOVA (SNK-q test),and P<0.05 was considered as significantly differet. Results After PE, VDphy, VDalv, Qs/Qt and PAP of both groups increased markedly compared with the pre-PE values (P<0.01), but the post-PE PAP showed a tendency of decline as time passed. Post-PE PaO2 of both groups decreased significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.01). There were no significant differences in HR, SBP, CO, pH or PaCO2 between pre-PE and post-PE (P>0.05). Both pre- and Post-PE PAP of UK+NO group were markedly less than those of the UK group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). No significant difference was found in other measurements between the two groups. Conclusions UK combined with low density NO inhalation may lower pul-monary arterial pressure promptly to alleviate PIE without distur bance in hemodynamics or gas exchange status and without pulmonary raterial pressure rebound.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms ; surgery ; Adrenalectomy ; methods ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; abnormalities ; Laparoscopy ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a ; surgery ; Pheochromocytoma ; surgery

Objective To investigate the changes of the masseter muscle following osteotomy of the prominent mandibular angle and to provide guidance for the resection of mandibular angle. Methods Ten goats were equally divided into two groups. In group A we performed unilateral curved osteotomy of the mandibular angle, and in group B we performed unilateral dissection of the masseter muscle. The cross section area (CSA) and the sarcomere length of masseter muscle were measured beore and after operation. Results (1) Cross section area (CSA) of masseter muscle fiber in curved ostectomy group decreased at 1,2, 3 and 6 months after operation in different extent. Comparing with the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). CSA of masseter muscle fiber in dissection group decreased 1 month postoperatively, which had significantly statistic difference with control group (P<0.01). But, they had no significant difference with control group at 2, 3, and 6 months after operation (P>0.01). (2) Sarcomere length of masseter muscle in curved ostectomy group decreased in 1 week, 1 and 2 months after operation, which had significantly statistic difference with control group (P<0.01). At 3 months after operation, sarcomere length recovered to normal. In dissection group, sarcomere length decreased in 1 week and 1 month after operation, which had significantly statistic difference with control group (P<0.01). At 2 month after operation, it recovered to normal. Conclusion Certain extent of atrophy does happen to masseter muscle after mandibular angle ostectomy. Meanwhile, these changes do not significantly impair the function of masseter muscle. According to this, we suggest a simple mandibular angle ostectomy without partial resection of masseter muscle in case of mild to morderate mandibular angle hypertrophy. Doing so, we can not only achieve the cosmetic effect but also reduce the implications.

A method for residual determination of 5 pyrethroid pesticides in Anoectochilus roxburghii by cloud point extraction-back extraction-GC-MS was established. PEG 6000 was used as extraction agent and isooctane was used for back-extractant. The con- tent was calculated by external standard method. The linear range was from 15 to 2 000 μg x kg(-1) with the good correlation coefficients (0.955-0.999). The recoveries at spiked concentrations of 50-500 μg x kg(-1) ranged from 85.12% to 101.6%. The limit of detection and quantification of 5 pyrethroid pesticides were in the range of 0.63-3.10 μg x kg(-1) and 2.10-10.31 μg x kg(-1), respectively. The proposed method can be applied to the determination of pyrethroid pesticides residues in A. roxburghii.
Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Orchidaceae ; chemistry ; Pesticide Residues ; analysis ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Pyrethrins ; analysis ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Polygonatum sibiricum on Yin deficiency model rats induced by long-term overload swimming.

METHODExcept for the normal group, all of the remaining rats performed the long-term overload swimming for eight weeks, with five days every week and once every day, to establish the Yin deficiency model. The daily swimming time increased from 10 min to 180 min at the end of the 7th week, with the water depth of 60 cm and the water temperature at 30 degrees C. After the success of the modeling, the rats were orally administered with different doses of aqueous extracts from P. sibiricum (2.5, 10 g x kg(-1)) for eight weeks. After the final administration, their blood were collected from orbits to measure immunoglobulin A, G and M (IgA, IgG, IgM), interleukin 2 and 6 (IL-2, IL-6) and cAMP, cGMP contents in plasma General behavioral indicators (weight, facial temperature, pain threshold and holding power) of rats were observed during the drug administration.

RESULTCompared with the model control group, aqueous extracts from P. sibiricum was given for eight weeks to significantly increase the rat weight and holding power of Yin deficiency model rats, decrease the facial temperature and the sensitivity of pain threshold, and increase IgA, IgG, IgM and IL-6 content and IgG content in serum, but without statistical difference. Aqueous extracts from P. sibiricum (10 g x kg(-1)) could also increase IL-2 content in serum, and decrease cAMP content and cAMP/cGMP ratio.

CONCLUSIONP. sibiricum could improve the general behavioral indicators (weight, holding power, pain threshold and facial temperature), immunologic functions (IgA, IgG, IgM) and cyclic nucleotide (cAMP, cAMP/cGMP), so as to ameliorate such Yin deficiency symptoms as dysphoria in chestpalms-soles, weight loss, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, immunologic dysfunction and cyclic nucleotide system disorders.

Animals ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polygonatum ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Swimming ; Yin Deficiency ; drug therapy ; physiopathology