Objective:To understand the drug purchase behaviors and prescription flows of outpatients and their influencing factors. Methods: After selecting and investigating tertiary hospitals, secondary hospitals, community health service centers ( one per each level) in Beijing, Zhengzhou, Guangzhou, this paper uses structured question-naire method to analyze 3,155 valid questionnaires. A logistic regression analysis is performed to understand the fac-tors influencing the drug purchase behaviors. Results:The factors influencing the drug purchase behaviors of outpa-tients mainly include the region where the patient is, level of the hospital, type of health insurance that the patient has, frequency of drug purchase, etc. Conclusions: This paper suggests hospital administrators to take measures to improve prescription flows, such as reforming the health care insurance to make payment system more suitable for pharmacies standardizing supply channels in order to make varieties consistent between hospitals and pharmacies, strengthening education and publicity to raise the outpatients’ awareness for drug purchase outside of hospitals, etc.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors.The prognosis of HCC patients is very poor due to the facts that vascular invasion and distance metastasis may occur in the earlier phase of the cancer.Therefore,it is very important to make earlier diagnosis and timely monitoring post-operatively to ensure the longer survival of HCC patients.Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs),as an liquid biopsy,which can detect the tumor cells timely and repeatedly in the circulation,plays an important role in the earlier diagnosis,treatment,monitoring,and making individualized therapeutic plan,etc.In this article,we retrospectively reviewed the current literatures to evaluate the values of CTCs in the diagnosis,therapy,and surveillance of HCC patients in order to guide the clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the cause of the allograft IgA nephropathy (IgAN) recurrence or de novo, and the risk factors for the graft-survival in allograft IgAN. Methods:Patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College who were diagnosed as a transplanted kidney IgAN by allo-renal biopsy during November 2012 to December 2018 were selected. According to the increased levels of serum creatinine and the descent rate of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on the last follow up, the patients were divided into the graft-function stable group (increased Scr<20 μmol/L, eGFR descent rate<10%), the graft-function inadequacy progressive group (Scr increased but less than doubling increase, 30%