Objective:To put forward rational suggestions of how to reduce the protest in medical insurance cases from two aspects:hospitals and medical insurance agencies, to provide reference for strengthen management of designated hospitals and Medical Insurance Center. Methods:Taking a tertiary hospital of Beijing as an example, summarizing the basic situation of protest in medical insurance and analyzing several kinds of cases, making thorough analysis of deep-seated reasons which caused the protest in medical insurance and finally put forward rational suggestions. Results: The protest in medical insurance is not only caused by hospitals, the Medical Insurance Center should also take certain responsibilities. Conclusion: Hospitals and Medical Insurance Center should all take corresponding measures to reduce the protest in medical insurance cases.

Objective To study teaching cases of health economics in the context of health reform and development in China.Method Preparing for lessons in groups,information collection,experiences summary,and field research.Result Three productions:a teaching plan,a case collection,and a guideline of case teaching.Discuss It is useful to improving students’ ability to contact theory with practices and enhance teacher’s teaching and researching ability,but it also needs further improvement.

The paper presented the principles and references for identifying services of the primary health care at townships and villages in Beijing, and proposed the screening criteria for primary health care package in rural Beijing. Studies made have identified the screening results for the package applicable to both townships and villages in Beijing, along with analysis for the rationale, applicability and operability of the package. Moreover, it probed into the assurance conditions for offering primary health care as a reference for other regions in the country.

Objective To understand the influence of the disease-based hierarchical medical system on inpatients flow covered by the new rural cooperative medical system ( NRCMS) , and that on the funding diversion and medical costs so incurred. Methods One county was selected from the eastern, central and western regions of China respectively, where the disease-based hierarchical medical system has been in place. Policy documents of the three counties were reviewed to analyze such changes as NRCMS inpatients flow, inpatients subsidy diversion, NRCMS fund surplus rate of the current year and medical costs per hospitalization before and after the system was in place. Results A comparison with 2014 found a 1. 26%drop of the out-of-county inpatients of county W of the western region, a 2. 00% increase of township hospitals inpatients of county D in the middle region, and the same ratio of out-of-county and in-county inpatients in county F of the eastern region in 2015. Compared with 2014, the fund surplus rate of county W increased 10. 46%, and the inpatient subsidy ratio of county D decreased 2. 51% for those in out-of-county medical institutions in 2015. Thanks for the quota payment of specific diseases under global budget in county W, the inpatient medical costs per hospitalization dropped at both county and township medical institutions. Conclusions The disease-based hierarchical medical system could optimize the NRCMS inpatients distribution among various medical institutions, conducive for establishment and operation of such a system.

Objective:To analyze the benefit incidence and evaluate the implementation effects on catastrophic disease insurance under the New Rural Cooperative Medical System ( NRCMS) in Jilin Province and put forward sug-gestions to perfect the catastrophic disease insurance under NRCMS. Method: In-depth interviews with related staff were conducted to gain an understanding of the operating status of catastrophic disease insurance under NRCMS;cat-astrophic disease patient data of Jilin Province from 2013 were collected, with a comparative analysis of implementa-tion effects among nine districts;the benefit incidence was analyzed by means of the Sperman rank correlation analy-sis; Results: The policy of catastrophic disease insurance under the NRCMS exhibited sound implementation effects and played an important role in reducing the economic burden of catastrophic disease patients. The average individual expenditure decreased by 4336. 52 yuan, while the reimbursement rate increased by 11. 15% after NRCMS cata-strophic disease insurance reimbursements. Additionally, statistical analysis results showed that there was a weak cor-relation between benefit incidence and economic level, the benefit equality of catastrophic disease insurance under NRCMS was relatively good, but the benefit level of rich patients was slightly higher. Conclusion:The reimbursement scheme of catastrophic disease insurance under NRCMS should be refined and improved, and the benefit fairness of different districts must be ensured, thus achieving the goal of relieving the“poverty caused by illness” phenomenon.

Objective: To analyze the effects of the catastrophic disease insurance of New Rural Cooperative Med-ical Scheme ( NRCMS) on alleviating the economic burden of patients in Beijing, and evaluate the effect of the policy implementation. Methods: Based on high, middle and low economic development levels and the implementation pro-ceedings of catastrophic disease insurance of NRCMS, this paper selects 3 districts of Beijing, from which it chooses two or three villages and towns with the highest numbers of catastrophic disease patients, in order to understand the opera-tional status quo of the catastrophic disease insurance through in-depth interviews with managers. This paper conducts questionnaire survey among all catastrophic disease patients from the sampled villages and towns, and uses 497 valid questionnaires received to understand patients' subjective feelings and collect relevant data of family income and medical expenditure of catastrophic disease patients in 2013. Then it carries out data docking with the platform of NRCMS man-agement centers and measure the economic burden of catastrophic disease patients. In this paper, quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed using statistical and thematic analyses, respectively. Results: The catastrophic disease in-surance of NRCMS has significantly played an important role in reducing the average medical expenditure of catastroph-ic disease patients and improving the actual compensation ratio in varying degrees. However, the incidence of cata-strophic health expenditures has not significantly improved. Conclusion: This paper suggests to increase deductibles and reimbursement ratios of catastrophic disease insurance in order to broaden reimbursement directory and other initiatives to improve the compensation level and focus on alleviating the economic burden of catastrophic disease patients.

Objective:To understand the patients'satisfaction on catastrophic medical insurance of New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme ( NRCMS ) , and provide references for effective management and policy improvement. Methods:According to the principles of representative sampling, a questionnaire survey conducted. 484 patients got compensation for catastrophic insurance in 2013 were surveyed, and information of medical costs was analyzed. Re-sults:The average medical cost accounts for 84. 57% of total household expenditure. Mandatory medical expenditure is still high and economic burden of diseases is heavy. This policy has increased the compensation rate, and the actu-al compensation rate increases 4. 79% in three districts. The average score of patients' attitude toward catastrophic medical insurance is (3.95±1.05) points, 88. 43% of patients continue to participate in medical insurance. Con-clusions and suggestions:Patients' satisfaction on catastrophic medical insurance of NRCMS is high. It is suggested that the existing financing modes should maintain stability in the short term, and the compensatory rate should be im-proved reasonably.

Objective To investigate the consensus and controversies on delineation of radiotherapy target volume for patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Methods Study questionnaires were designed by radiation oncologists in Peking University School of Oncology. The forms were sent through email to radiation oncologists in 10 radiation departments in China and 2 departments in US in November,2007. The brief introduction and PET/CT digital data of one patient with NSCLC were sent to radiation oncologists in 10 departments in Beijing. On Jan. 12,2008,the case discussion was held by more than 300 radiation oncologists from Beijing,Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Results All receivers of the questionnaire responded . The set up error was 5-7 mm . For patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with radiotherapy concurrently with near full dose chemotherapy,ll out ot 12 responding departments defined planning target volume(PTV) of primary tumor as gross tumor volume(GTV) plus 6-8 nun plus set-up error and respiratory movements ,and only one defined PTV as GTV plus set-up error and respiratory movements. For PTV of the mediastinal lymph nodes in the same patient,9 out of 12 responding departments defined PTV as GTV plus 6-8 mm plus set-up error and respiratory movements,and 3( of China) out of 12 defined PTV as GTV plus set-up error and respiratory movements. Stereotactic body .radiotherapy with high fraction dose was used in 11 out of 12 responding departments with fraction dose varying from 6 to 20 Gy,including 6 of which defined PTV of primary tumor as GTV plus 6-8 mm plus respiratory movements and set-up error, and 5 defined PTV of early stage lung cancer as GTV plus respiratory movements and set-up error. The consensus on delineation of primary tumor of the case discussion was that the appropriate window width and window level were 1600 Houasfield Units(HU) and -600 HU for lung window,and 400 HU and 20 HU for mediastinal window. The controversies was focused on whether the CTV for metastatic lymph nodes should be restricted as GTV plus 6-8 mm or enlarged to enclose all the involved lymph node region. Conclusions PIT of primary tumor and mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes should be GTV plus 6-8 mm plus respiratory movements plus set-up error. The basic controversies of target delineation are focused on the fraction dose and PIT range for early stage NSCLC, and on the possibility of defining the PIT as GTV plus respiratory movements and set-up error when treated with concurrent radiotherapy and full dose chemotherapy for locally advanced NSCLC.

Objective It aims to analyze the grouping methods,payment standard calculation process,and cost settlement rules of ambulatory payment groups(APG)system in the United States.Additionally,it seeks to summarize the technical advantages and implementation key points of APG,providing reference for the ambulatory care payment reform in China.Methods Employing a literature research approach,this study dissects the payment technology and implementation process of APG.A preliminary comparison is made with the practices of APG pilot cities in China.Results The APG 3.18 version catalog comprises 13 types,61 categories,and 666 groups.One APG case can be classified into multiple APG groups,and by applying rules such as consolidation,packaging,and discounting,the final payment amount is calculated.Conclusion The APG payment technology aligns with the characteristics of outpatient health services,offering flexible payment methods and incentivizing healthcare institutions to provide efficient services.This holds significant reference value for the ambulatory care payment reform in China.The key points of APG implementation include improving the quality of outpatient data,localizing grouping and payment rules,establishing a regulatory assessment indicator system,and ensuring alignment with inpatient payments.

Objective:Efficiency is a key factor in the sustainable operation of the medical insurance system.By measuring the current efficiency of the urban employee basic medical insurance system in 31 provinces in China from 2020 to 2021,it discovers possible problems,and provides reference suggestions for improving the efficiency of the system.Methods:Using the super efficiency SBM model based on unexpected output and the Malmquist index to measure the static and dynamic efficiency of employee medical in-surance in 31 provinces in China,and using Tobit regression analysis to analyze its influencing factors.Results:The overall compre-hensive efficiency of the national employee medical insurance operation is 0.826 in 2020 and 0.827 in 2021 respectively.The efficien-cy of employee medical insurance operation in the eastern region is significantly higher than that in the central and westem regions.Over 60％of provinces have inefficient operation of employee medical insurance.The overall total factor productivity of employee medical insurance operation is showing a downward trend,and the decline in technological progress is the main limiting factor.The level of economic development has a significant promotion effect on the efficiency of employee medical insurance operation,and the degree of population aging has a significant inhibitory effect on it.Conclusion:The efficiency of employee medical insurance opera-tion in China still needs to be improved,and there is a significant efficiency gap among different regions.Therefore,investment and attention should be increased in the central and western regions to bridge regional gaps and promote the equity development of medi-cal insurance.Therefore,the reform efforts should be continuously intensified to achieve technological progress.In addition,attention should also be paid to the driving role of economic development in the efficiency of employee medical insurance operation and the for-mulation of positive policies on population aging.