The rapid development of second-generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics has enabled us to find out more about the components of the microbiome throughout the respiratory tract,including bacteria,fungi and viruses.A growing number of studies have shown that there is a close relationship between respiratory microorganisms and various respiratory diseases,which provides new areas of research relating to asthma,cystic fibrosis (CF),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),lung cancer and influenza.In this paper,research progress in respiratory microbiome (bacteria, fungi and viruses)and related diseases is reviewed.

Objective To observe the relationship between expression changes of γH2AX and the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells in vitro. Methods The radiosensitivity of lung cancer cell lines A549 and SBC-3 was measured by clone forming assay. The DSBs damage of lung cancer cell lines A549 and SBC-3 was determined by Western blot assay. Re-sults The clone forming rates of lung cancer cell lines A549 and SBC-3 were gradually decreased with the increased radia-tion dose.γH2AX expression was related to the cell radiosensitivity 1 hour and 6 hours after radiated. Conclusion The phosphorylated histoneγH2AX is a powerful tool to monitor DNA DSBs and to predict the radiosensitivity in lung cancer ra-diotherapy.

Objective To investigate the expression of MTSS1 in cholangiocarcinoma tissue and its relationship with the prognosis of patients.Methods The specimens of bile duct of 49 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who received surgical excision at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from January 2003 to December 2005 were collected.Tissue microarrays of the 49 samples of hilar cholangiocarcinomas and the 10samples of adjancent normal bile duct epithelial tissue were constructed.The expression of MTSS1 was detected by the immunohistochemical staining.The pcDNA3.1-MTSS1 was transferred into the RBE cells and the abilities of proliferation of REB cells were measured by MTT assay.The patients were followed up via out-patient examination and telephone till May 2012.The measurement data were analyzed using the t test,and the count data were analyzed using the chi-square test,the survival curve was drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method,the survival was analyzed using the Log-rank test,and multivariate analysis was done using the COX regression model.Results The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression rate of MTSS1 was 10/10 in the adjacent normal epithelial tissue of bile duct,while 59.2％ (29/49) in the cholangiocarcinoma tissues.The proliferative rate of cholangiocarcinoma cells transfected with MTSS1 was 1.55 ±0.05,which was significantly lower than 2.32 ±0.08 of cholangiocarcinoma cells without transfection of MTSS1 (t =4.454,P ＜ 0.05).Gender,age,TNM stage,T stage,differentiation,neural invasion and diameter of tumor did not influence the expression of MTSS1 (x2=0.211,3.471,0.507,0.507,0.368,0.882,0.660,P ＜ 0.05),while lymph node metastasis influenced the expression of MTSS1 (x2=10.436,P ＜ 0.05).All the patients were followed up for 1-59 months,and the median time for follow-up was 16 months.The median tumor-free survival time was 17.9 months in patients with positive expression of MTSSI,and 11.3 months of patients with negative expression of MTSS1,with no significant difference (Log-rank value =3.707,P ＞ 0.05).The median survival time was 34.9 months in patients with positive expression of MTSS1,which was significantly longer than 18.7 months of patients with negative expression of MTSS1 (Log-rank value =5.671,P ＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that MTSS1 was not the independent risk factor influencing the prognosis of patients (x2 =0.406,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The expression of MTSS1 is decreased in cholangiocarcinoma tissue,which negatively correlates with lymph node metastasis.MTSS1 could be used as a biomarker in predicting the prognosis of patients with cholangiocarcinoma.

Objective To provide theoretical reference for clinical therapy of pulmonary adenocarcinoma by evaluating the effects of polysaccharides and pioglitazone on mouse model of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and to explore the relationship between inflammation and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Methods One hundred mice were averagely divided into five groups, including control group, model group, polysaccharides group, pioglitazone group, polysaccharides and pioglitazone group (unite group). Polysaccharides solution (500 mg/kg) was given to polysaccharides group, pioglitazone solution (15 mg/kg) was given to pioglitazone group, polysaccharides solution (500 mg/kg) and pioglitazone solution (15 mg/kg) were given to unite group;and the equal volume of saline (10 mL/kg) was given to control and model group (1 t/d, 5 d/w, continuously 20 w ). The pulmonary adenocarcinoma induced by urethane was evaluated in each group at different time points. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in each group at the 12th week and the 20th week respectively. Results The body weights were increased in the control group, which were decreased in other groups during urethane-injection, but increased continuously after the injection. At the 20th week, nodules were found in lung surfaces in all mice except mice of control group. The lung index was higher in all mice except mice of control group. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 were significantly higher at 12th week and 20th in model group, polysaccharides group, pioglitazone group, polysaccha?rides and pioglitazone group than those of control group. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 were significantly lower in polysaccharides group, pioglitazone group, polysaccharides and pioglitazone group than those of model group. Con?clusion Sustained inflammatory response is one of the risk factors for the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Polysaccha?rides and pioglitazone can reduce the level of inflammation in mouse lung adenocarcinoma, suggesting that both of them can be used as potential adjuvant in the clinical treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of Ningdong granule on Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) associated with Tourette's syndrome (TS).Methods Thirty-six patients with OCD associated with TS were randomly divided into 2 groups.18 patients in the treatment group were treated with ND granule,and 18 patients in the control group were treated with fluoxetine,the initial dose of fluoxetine was 10 mg/d,and maximum dose was 60 mg/d.All of the participants with history of medication had to be medication-free for≥ 1 weeks prior to the study.The severity of tics and OCD were evaluated at baseline and at end point (8 w),with Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS),the contents of 5-HT in serum were measured by ELISA.Side-effects were evaluated according to an adverse event chart produced by this study team.Results The effective rate of treating tics in treatment group was 88.89％ (16/18),and in control group was 77.78％ (14/18).The effective rate of treating OCD in treatment group was 83.33％ (15/18),and in control group was 88.89％ (16/18).The differences in the aspects between treatment group and control group were not significant (P＞0.05).Compared with YGTSS scores [the treatment group was (27.28 ± 8.10),the control group was (29.17 ± 7.53)] and Y-BOCS scores [the treatment group was (22.72 ± 6.75),the control group was (23.17 ± 6.12)] at baseline,the scores YGTSS scores [the treatment group was (12.72±5.20),the control group was (15.50±5.39)] and Y-BOCS scores [the treatment group was (1250± 4.38),the control group was (12.22±4.31)] of both two groups at end point reduced significantly (P＜0.01),but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P＞0.05).The contents of serum 5-HT in the two groups were significantly raised after treatment [the treatment group was (86.05±24.26 vs 66.00±19.63) ng/ml,P=0.01),the control group was (91.16±26.07 vs 67.52±21.18) ng/ml,P＜0.01].Only one subject reported adverse reactions in the treatment group,while 6 subjects experienced adverse reactions in the control group,but no difference was shown in comparison of the aspect between the treatment group and the control group (P＞0.05).Conclusion ND granule with tiapride could improve the syndrome of tics and OCD associated with TS.ND granule with tiapride and fluoxetine with tiapride showed similar efficacy and safety for OCD with TS.

Objective To retrospectively study the high risk factors for biliary complication (BC) and the application of the Clavien system to classify BC in a large cohorts of subjects undergoing liver transplantations (LT).Methods The clinical data of 181 patients who received LT from Jan.2004 to Dec.2008 were studied.BC was classified using the Clavien system.The risk factors of biliary complication were evaluated by using a binary forward stepwise logistic regression analysis.Results 14.4％ (26/181) recipients developed BC (BC group).In 84.6％ (22/26) patients the BC was above the Clavien Ⅲ b.Regression analysis of BC revealed that the placement of a T tube (P =0.0090,OR=31.177),RIld (P=0.0094,OR＜0.001).RI1w (P=0.0013,OR＞999.999) were significantly associated with the development of BC.Regression analysis of BC above Clavien Ⅲ b revealed that RIld (P=0.0065,OR＜0.001,RI1w (P=0.0022,OR＞999.999) were significantly associated with the development of BC above Clavien Ⅲ b.Conclusions The Clavien classification system was useful to classify BC.The placement of a T tube was an independent risk factor to predict BC,it was not a factor for BC above Clavien Ⅲ b.Hepatic arterial insufficiency (HAI) was an independent risk factor for BC and BC above Clavien Ⅲ b.

In this paper,to evaluate the existence and extent of MRI artifacts caused by frequently used metallic dental materials and to compare the influence of different MRI sequences on artifacts. The artifact of Au-Pt-Pd alloy crown were the smallest and Au-Ag-Pd alloy crown, pure Titanium crown were smaller. But the artifact of Ni-Gr alloy crown were the largest.With the same scan sequences, the different metal materials can make different effects on MRI images with the different scan sequences, the MRI artifact is not obvious caused by the same metal materials. Artifacts produced by oral metallic materials related closely to the type of the materials.The high quality MRI can be gained by choosing proper metallic materials.

Objective To explore influence of dexmedetomidine-assisted general anesthesia on hemodynamics,anesthetic dosage and postoperative sedation and analgesia in patients with radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer.Methods A total of 50 patients with gastric cancer were randomly divided into experimental group and control group.The experimental group was treated with dexmedetomidine before anesthesia induction,while control group was treated with the same volume of normal saline.Heart rate,mean arterial pressure,bispectral index were recorded at the time points of exploration,immediately after extubation,skin incision,before injection,immediately before intubation,before induction of anesthesia,duration of anesthesia,1 min after intubation,and doses of remifentanil and propofolwere compared,and VAS and sedation score 1 and 4 h were compared.Results Before induction of anesthesia,bispectral index of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.01).At the time points of induction of general anesthesia,1 min after intubation,skin incision,exploration,extubation,the mean arterial blood pressure in experimental group decreased significantly (P<0.05),and the heart rate reduced significantly (P<0.01).The dosages of remifentanil and propofol in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group.The sedation scores 1 and 4 h in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group,and the VAS score was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the hemodynamic changes and maintain the stability of the patients during tracheal intubation and general anesthesia induction.

Objective To explore influence of dexmedetomidine-assisted general anesthesia on hemodynamics,anesthetic dosage and postoperative sedation and analgesia in patients with radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer.Methods A total of 50 patients with gastric cancer were randomly divided into experimental group and control group.The experimental group was treated with dexmedetomidine before anesthesia induction,while control group was treated with the same volume of normal saline.Heart rate,mean arterial pressure,bispectral index were recorded at the time points of exploration,immediately after extubation,skin incision,before injection,immediately before intubation,before induction of anesthesia,duration of anesthesia,1 min after intubation,and doses of remifentanil and propofolwere compared,and VAS and sedation score 1 and 4 h were compared.Results Before induction of anesthesia,bispectral index of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.01).At the time points of induction of general anesthesia,1 min after intubation,skin incision,exploration,extubation,the mean arterial blood pressure in experimental group decreased significantly (P<0.05),and the heart rate reduced significantly (P<0.01).The dosages of remifentanil and propofol in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group.The sedation scores 1 and 4 h in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group,and the VAS score was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the hemodynamic changes and maintain the stability of the patients during tracheal intubation and general anesthesia induction.

Proteomic technologies can be applied to cancer research to detect differential protein expression that could ifnd cancer biomakers. Lung cancer biomarker discovery is signiifcant due to its anticipated critical role in early diagnosis, therapy guidance, and prognosis monitoring of lung cancer. hTerefore, there is an indeed need to identify new biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis that could serve to open novel therapeutic means. hTis article brielfy introduces the latest reports in proteomic studies of lung cancer. It contains diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers, and a summary based on the most recent literature and our own work.