Scientific research and clinical talents are the key to train the professional postgraduate students .Training scientific research capacity is a gradually accumulation process .Choosing the research issues , preparing the opening report , writing a review , participating the academic seminars or conferences , and writing the graduation thesis would be helpful for training scientific research capacity of endocrinology clinical professional postgraduates .

Objective To observe the changes of nerve function and nerve sorbitol in diabetic rats and to explore the effect of sodium fulvate (SF). Methods Diabetic rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. One group of diabetic rats were given SF for six months. Plasma glucose, HbA 1c and nerve sorbitol were measured, and pain threshold was detected by thermalpain apparatus and hotplate test. Results (1)There was no effect of SF on hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. (2)The withdrawal latency was significantly decreased and nerve sorbitol content was significantly increased in untreated diabetic rats. (3)Untreated diabetic rats showed pain reaction at non noxious temperature (40℃) and the times of hind paw withdrawal reflex per minute at 44℃ were increased in hotplate test 〔(3.42?0.59)/min〕 as compared with non diabetic control group 〔(0.88?0.36)/min〕 (P

AIM: To investigate the effect of antisense oligonucleotides on expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in macrophages. METHODS: MIF phosphorothioate oligonucleotides was designed and synthesized. The phosphorothioate antisense, sense and missense oligonucleotides of mouse MIF was transfected into macrophages, separately. After that, macrophages were incubated with LPS. Cell culture medium was collected for MIF protein detection by EIA. Cellular RNA was extracted and the expression of MIF mRNA was examined by RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: LPS stimulation resulted in a specific time-dependent expression of MIF derived from macrophages. MIF mRNA and MIF protein level increased at 6 h and reached a plateau at 9-12 h after LPS stimulation. The macrophages treated with antisense oligonucleotides showed a significant decrease in MIF mRNA and MIF protein after LPS stimulation than those with LPS stimulation only and LPS plus sense or missense oligonucleotides (P

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether propranolol application as collyrium or intraperitoneal (IP) injection can promote the recovery of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR).

METHODThirty-six 7-day-old mice were divided into the following 6 groups: normal control, propranolol eye drops, propranolol IP injection, eye drops negative control, IP injection negative control, and pathological model with 6 mice in each. In a typical model of OIR, litters of mice pups with their nursing mothers were exposed to an infant incubator to high oxygen concentration (75 ± 5)% between postnatal day (PD) 7 and PD12, prior to returning to room air. Two routes of propranolol treatment were assessed from PD12 to PD17: IP injection and eye drop, with doses 2 mg/(kg·time), three times a day. Another three groups were given citric acid buffer eye drops, IP injection of citric acid buffer, and negative control were not treated with any drug. Neonatal mice fed in normal conditions served as normal control. Mice were sacrificed at PD17 to evaluate the morphological changes of retinal vessels by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran perfusion and retinal whole mount. The retinal neovascularization was evaluated by counting the number of nuclei of the endothelial cell breaking through the internal limiting membrane (ILM).

RESULTCompared with the oxygen-exposed group, the branches of retinal vessels went normal with a less un-perfused area in the propranolol eye drops and propranolol IP injection groups [(38.9 ± 9.9)% and (5.6 ± 2.3)% vs. (16.2 ± 10.0)% and (2.2 ± 0.8)%, (25.9 ± 5.0)% and (2.1 ± 2.7)%, F=36.12 and 14.55, P both<0.001]. The number of nuclei of endothelial cells breaking through the ILM on the retinal cross-section in the propranolol eye drops group decreased (14.2 ± 5.1) per slide, which was less than that in the oxygen-exposed group (49.1 ± 8.9) per slide and the propranolol IP injection group (18.0 ± 5.9) per slide; it was also less than that in the eye drops negative control group (47.4 ± 8.1) per slide (F=187.60, P<0.05). Moreover, the number of nuclei of endothelial cells breaking through the ILM on the retinal cross-section in the propranolol IP injection group was less than that in the IP injection negative control group (49.9 ± 7.1) per slide (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONPropranolol could effectively inhibit the formation of retinal neovascularization in mice; the eye drops was more effective than the IP injection.

Animals ; Dextrans ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelial Cells ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; analogs & derivatives ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Mice ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Oxygen ; adverse effects ; Propranolol ; therapeutic use ; Retina ; drug effects ; Retinal Neovascularization ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Retinal Vessels ; drug effects

Objective:To assess the bacterial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in uropathogens, and help to inform the empiric treatment decisions for urinary tract infection in outpatient settings.Methods:A single institutional retrospective analysis was performed on positive urine cultures from outpatient settings between January 1998 and December 2018. To analyze changes over time, trends analysis were undertaken on bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance.Results:A total of 1.172 pathogenic bacteria were isolated after exclusion of duplicate strains originated from the same patient, including 991(84.6%) Gram-negative bacterial strains and 181(15.4%) Gram-positive strains. The most common Gram-negative uropathogens were Escherichia coli (60.8%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (8.1%). Enterococcus faecalis (4.6%) was the predominant Gram-positive strain. The detection rate of Escherichia coli increased significantly, from 50.8% to 63.2% ( χ2=7.978, P=0.046), and no significant difference was observed in the distribution of major uropathogenic bacteria over the 20 years (all P>0.05). The proportion of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) producing strains increased significantly across the 20 years ( P<0.05). The resistance rates of Escherichia coli to amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium, aztreonam, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and sulbactam + cefoperazone increased significantly (all P<0.05). All the isolates sustained high susceptibility to tazobactam + piperacillin, amikacin, imipenem and nitrofurantoin (95.0%, 95.7%, 97.9% and 91.1%). Similar to those of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae remained a high and stable sensitivity to tazobactam+piperacillin, amikacin and imipenem during the 20 years (79.1%, 88.0% and 80.3%). However, the proportion of ESBLs producing strains increased significantly ( P<0.05). Among Gram-positive bacteria isolates, the sensitivity rates of Enterococcus faecalis to ampicillin, nitrofurantoin and penicillin G were 100.0%. No vancomycin resistant strain was detected in Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions:From 1998 to 2018, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most common Gram-negative bacteria uropathogens obtained in outpatient settings. Significant increases of resistance to some antimicrobial agents such as second- and third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are observed during the 20 years and high susceptibilities to tazobactam+piperacillin, amikacin, imipenem and nitrofurantoin sustain over time. Local treatment strategies of urinary tract infections on outpatient basis should be made according to epidemiology of drug resistance and individual characteristics to control the spread and curb the prevalence of drug resistant.

Objective To study clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetic(T2D)patients with metabolic syndrome(MS)and its components in Beijing urban communities.Methods Totally,3295 T2D patients involved in a combined prospective diabetic management study from 15 urban communities in Beijing were classified as four groups, according to 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society's definition of MS, i. e, isolated T2D, T2D with one component of MS, T2D with two components of MS and T2D with three components of MS. Their clinical characteristics were analyzed. Results ( 1 ) Among 3295 T2D patients, 155 (4. 7% )were isolated T2D, 107 (32.6%) T2D with one component of MS, 1386 (42.1%) T2D with two components of MS and 679 (20.6%) T2D with three components of MS, with an overall 62.7% (2065/3295) of T2D patients complicated with MS. (2) In these T2D patients, the more components of MS they had, the higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist to hip circumference ratio (WHR),systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting serum levels of insulin and triglyceride (TG) and the lower level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) were presented (P <0. 01 ). (3) Percentage of isolated T2D in women increased from 49. 0% (76/155) to 61.9% (420/679)of those with three components of MS ( P < 0 01 ), with increasing of components of MS. (4) Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that BMI, history of hypertension, decreased HDL, increased TG,increased blood pressure, all were risk factors for T2D patients complicated with MS. Conclusions Among T2D patients in urban communities of Beijing, 95.3% (3140/3295) of them complicated with one or more components of MS, and 61.9% (420/679) of them complicated with MS. So, community diabetic management must be implemented in an all-round way, including control of blood pressure, blood lipids,body weight and so on, in addition to control of blood sugar.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Beijing urban communities.Methods Total 3316 subjects with type 2 diabetes (age 20-80 years) were recruited from 15 urban community health centers in Beijing using a multi-stage random sampling approach.Dyslipidemia was diagnosed according to Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults:2007 version.Results Among 3316 diabetic subjects (1329 malesand 1987 females),75.6％ (2506/3316) had dyslipidemia,the prevalence was 72.5％ (964/1329)in men and 77.6％ (1542/1987) in women.The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was 41.9％ (1388/3316) and 48.1％ (1595/3316),respectively.31.5％ (1043/3316) subjects had high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and 21.2％ (703/3316) had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).Among all subjects with dyslipidemia only 22.9％ (575/2506) took hypolipid agents.The overall blood lipid control rates of triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),LDL-C and HDL-C in 1393 subjects with dyslipidemia history were 48.0％ (669/1393),17.4％ (242/1393),30.9％ (430/1393) and 75.8％ (1056/1393),respectively.Diabetics with dyslipidemia had higher body mass index,waist circumference,blood pressure,plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c.The prevalence of dyslipidemia in the overweight and uncontrolled-glucose group were 79.0％ (1678/2125),78.9％ (1756/2227),respectively.Logistic regression analysis showed that gender,age,body mass index and hemoglobin A1c were associated with dyslipidemia.Conclusions The prevalence of dyslipidemia in diabetic subjects in Beijing urban communities is high and less than one quarter patients take hypolipid agents.Age,body mass index and hemoglobin A1c are the risk factors of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism by which chronic psychological stress aggravates intestinal barrier damage and promotes the development of enteritis through inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway, so as to provide a new therapeutic strategy for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Methods:A comorbidity model of chronic psychological stress and enteritis was established using C57BL/6J mice. HE staining was used to analyze the effects of chronic psychological stress on the intestinal pathological damage in mice with enteritis. ELISA was used to detect the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The ultrastructural changes of colonic cells and the state of intestinal mucus layer were observed under transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The secretion of mucoprotein 2 (MUC2) and the expression of cell proliferation marker Ki67 were detected by immunofluo rescence staining. The numbers of goblet cells were detected by Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) staining. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of tight junction protein between intestinal epithelial cells, β-catenin which was a key protein of Wnt/β-catenin pathway maintaining crypt proliferation, and downstream protein c-myc.Results:The sugar water consumption ratio decreased, but tail suspension immobility time, the swimming immobility time and the expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in hypothalamus increased (all P<0.05) in the stress group as compared with those in the control group. Chronic psychological stress promoted weight loss and colonic shortening in mice with enteritis, exacerbated pathological damage and enhanced the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Moreover, increased disappearance of intestinal epithelial microvilli and severe cellular ultrastructural damage were also observed in the stress+ dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) group. There was no pathological damage in the control and stress groups. Chronic psychological stress aggravated intestinal barrier injury and inhibited intestinal barrier repair by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusions:In the mouse model of DSS-induced enteritis, chronic psychological stress preconditioning inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, weakened the repair ability of intestinal epithelium, aggravated the loss of mucus layer of intestinal barrier and the damage of tight junction structure, and promoted the development of enteritis. In the absence of enteritis, chronic psychological stress had no significant effects on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the intestinal barrier.