Objective To evaluate techniques and indications of 2cm～3cm mini cholecystectomy. Methods After a 2cm～3cm incision was made below the right costal margin, cholecystectomy was carried out under direct vision in 465 cases. Results Mini operation was successfully completed in 435 patients (93.5%), while incision lengthening was required in 30 patients. One patient with postoperative bile leakage was cured after 3 weeks of drainage. There were no biliary duct injuries, postoperative bleeding, or deaths in the study. Conclusions Mini cholecystectomy with a 2cm～3cm incision is safe and effective provided patients are properly selected.

In multilayer spiral CT heart and coronary artery imaging, image data are acquired by ECG gating technology when heart beats slowest so as to restrain pulsation pseudo-image. ECG gating technology includes foresight ECG gating and retrospective ECG gating. The principle, methods and mutual image reconstruction are introduced in this paper.

Esophageal cancer is one of the most common alimentary malignancy.Although drugs and radiation treatments for esophageal cancer are constantly improved,surgical resection is still recognized as the most effective treatment method at present.With the continuous development of esophageal surgical techniques,minimally invasive treatment of esophageal cancer surgery technology has bcen performed at home and abroad,for the purpose of reducing the complications or mortality and improving the post-operative quality of life.Minimally invasive surgical indications,surgical procedure selection,complications and prognosis compared with traditional surgery are reviewed in this article to explore the application and clinical significance of minimally invasive treatment in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

Pancreatic cancer is regarded as high malignant neoplasm and surgical resection is considered as the only efficient therapeutic method.Radical surgery includes not only removing the whole carcinoma,but also resecting lymph nodes efficiently.There exist controversies whether extended lymphadenectomy can improve the overall survival of patients currently.We have analyzed and reflected on the controversies on the basis of overseas and domestic research status and our experience.

A great number of experiments on education system,curriculum,teaching methods,administeration,selection and organization of knowledge were performed in higher education in China in the second half of the 20th century. As a whole ,we find that they changed from serving the political,economical and social needs to focusing on variables of experiments themselves. Selection and organization of knowledge became the theme of experiments. Effective means and methods of education constituted the key contents. However, while concerning scientificity and impartiality of the experiments were tested, their motive,process and results still need to be carefully examined.

Objective:To discuss the quality control method of injection pump and analyze the factors that affect the quality control of injection pump.Methods: Flow error and blocking alarm error were tested by the INFUTEST 2000E dual-channel infusion pump analyzer according to the national calibration specifications.Results: The syringe specifications, injection speed and injection solvent could influence the test for accuracy of injection pump. The lower injection speed set, the bigger flow test error was, while the smaller the blocking alarm test error was. On the other hand, the higher the injection speed set, the smaller the flow test error was and the bigger the blocking alarm test error was. Besides, the higher qualified rate of flow test was, the lower the qualified rate of blocking alarm test was.Conclusion: The quality control of injection pump should abide by the principle of controllable risk, and should not pursuit too much accuracy.

Objective To research the levels of thyroid hormone in patients with Sheehan′s syndrome .Methods The difference of thyroid‐stimulating hormone(TSH) or free triiodothyronine(fT3 ) or free thyroxine(fT4 ) levels was compared between 100 pa‐tients with sheehan′s syndrome and 100 cases of female healthy controls included in this study .The difference for TSH or fT3 or fT4 levels was compared between before and after treatment in Sheehan′s syndrome patients .The difference of TSH or fT3 or fT4 levels was compared when time from a large bleeding to disease onset below 1 year ,1‐5 years and over 5 years respectively in Shee‐han′s syndrome patients .Results The difference of TSH or fT3 or fT4 levels between patients with Sheehan′s syndrome and female healthy controls had obvious statistical significance .TSH :1 .60(0 .79 -2 .86)mU/L versus 3 .08(1 .97 -5 .08)mU/L ,fT3 :2 .09 (1 .44-3 .69)pmol/L versus 4 .86(4 .49-5 .40)pmol/L ,fT4 :8 .01(3 .45 -12 .64)pmol/L versus 14 .56(13 .63 -16 .11)pmol/L (P<0 .001 for comparisons respectively) .The difference of TSH or fT3 or fT4 levels between before and after treatment had obvi‐ous statistical significance .TSH :1 .60(0 .79-2 .86)mU/L versus 1 .16(0 .57-2 .11)mU/L ,fT3 :2 .09(1 .44-3 .69)pmol/L versus 3 .27(2 .38-4 .11)pmol/L ,fT4 :8 .01(3 .45 -12 .64)pmol/L versus 14 .32(10 .48 -15 .92)pmol/L(P<0 .05 for comparisons re‐spectively) .Time from a large bleeding to disease onset were below 1 year ,1-5 years and over 5 years ,TSH levels were respective‐ly 2 .85(2 .21-3 .51)、1 .82(1 .24-2 .98) and 1 .52(0 .65-2 .64)mU/L(P<0 .05 for comparisons) .The fT3 levels were respective‐ly 3 .74(2 .24-4 .45) ,2 .54(1 .87-3 .32) and 1 .89(1 .13-3 .11)pmol/L(P<0 .05 for comparisons) .The fT4 levels were respec‐tively 12 .21(10 .45-14 .32) ,8 .52(5 .13-12 .34) and 7 .85(3 .12 -10 .12)pmol/L(P<0 .05 for comparisons) .Conclusion TSH could serve as an identifiable index for sheehan′s syndrome and primary hypothyroidism .The time from a large bleeding to the dis‐ease onset is longer ,the anterior pituitary function is more serious .Thyroid hormone should be monitored regularly in order to pre‐vent the happening of hyperthyroidism during the process of the treatment .For postpartum hemorrhage patients ,thyroid hormone should be early detected and combine with the clinical manifestations .They should early diagnose and timely treat in order to pre‐vent the sheehan′s syndrome and its crisis .

Objective To investigate the effects of celecoxib on apoptosis during acute rejection of cardiac allograft in rats.Methods Forty Wistar rats underwent heterotopic heart transplantation in the abdominal portion from disparate SD rats.The cardiac grafts were harvested at 3rd and 5th day after transplantation.The cardiac allograft sections were subjected to the HE staining and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling(TUN EL) for histopathological rejection grade and apoptotic index(AI).Results Apoptosis mainly occurred in cardiac myocytes throughout allograft rejection.Celecoxib could markedly reduce myocyte apoptosis and abate the damage to the graft tissue.The AI at 3rn and 5th day posttransplantation were(2.35)?(1.51) and(11.35)?(3.46) in control group,and (1.03)?(0.42) and(3.28)?(2.42) in celecoxib group respectively with the difference between them being significant.Conclusions Apoptosis is an important mechanism of cell death in acute cardiac allograft rejection in rats.Celecoxib can apparently inhibit the apoptosis of cardiac myocytes,which may be an important way of its immunosuppressive actions.

[Objective] To establish a viable and convenient method for human iliac growth-plate chondrocyte culture in vitro and study the biological characters of the chondrocyte.[Method] The chondrocytes from 10 human iliac growth-plate were cultured in monolayer and passaged to observe the changes of cell morphology.The growth kinetics was detected by using MTT colorimetric.Immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR were performed to investigate the expression of collagenⅡat the protein and mRNA level,respectively.[Result](1)The phenotype of chondrocyte was changed from original polygonal shape to fusiform at 4th passage.(2)MTT test showed the growth curve of the second passage cells presented inverted "S",and cells were found logarithmic growth at 4th~8th day reached platform stage at 9th~10th day,and decreased at the 11th day.(3)The collagen typeⅡimmunohistochemical staining was extensive positive in cells at P2.(4)RT-PCR confirmed that the mRNA level decreased with the cells passaged after P2.[Conclusion]The modified method of the enzymatic two-step digestion is an effective and simple procedure.The second passage cells maintain the phenotype of chondrocyte well,could be serving as seeding cells.

BACKGROUND:Old femoral neck fractures with senile osteoporosis have more surgical difficulties.There are a lot of intraoperative and postoperative complications and long-term effects are poor.OBJECTIVE:To explore the clinical outcomes of hip arthroplasty in patients with old femoral neck fractures with senile osteoporosis.METHODS:From October 2012 to July 2014,20 patients with old femoral neck fractures and senile osteoporosis were enroled in this study.Posterolateral approach was used to perform hip arthroplasty.Of them,14 patients received primary total hip arthroplasty with biological prosthesis,and 6 patients were subjected to semi-hip arthroplasty with straight shank cylindrical renovated biological prosthesis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The patients were folowed up for 3 to 24 months.Harris score was apparently increased after arthroplasty in patients with old femoral neck fractures and senile osteoporosis compared with pre-arthroplasty.Postoperative radiographs revealed that femoral stem biological fixation was good.Bone fixation was visible in radiographs at 3 months after arthroplasty.These findings suggested that old femoral neck fractures and senile osteoporosis could be treated with hip arthroplasty.To select the type of prosthesis and surgical methods according to the femoral calcar-medulary cavity ratio in patients with old femoral neck fractures and senile osteoporosis can effectively restore the function of hip joint.