Objective To develop a gut-brain interaction animal model of IBS which combines multiple factors including behavior, visceral sensation and motility. Methods Setting up a multifactor interactional animal model (chronic acute combining stress model, CACS) based on a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression (CUMS) while combined with wrap restraint stress (WRS) , changes of some indexes were recorded including motility (granules of defecating, time of defecating), visceral sensitivity ( spontaneous contraction of abdominal striated muscles ) and behavior/mind ( sucrose consumption, body weight). G protein subunits were measured by Western blot in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex simultaneously. Results ( 1 ) Compared with the state before stress given, defecating granules increased, defecating time of glassie from rectum shorten, number of abdominal contraction increased, and sucrose consumption decreased in CACS, however, neither significant change was found on defecating behavior in CUMS nor on sucrose consumption in WRS; (2) Compared with the control group, some G protein submits expression decreased in both CACS and CUMS( P < 0. 05 ) , while no significant changes of any G protein subunits were found in WRS. Conclusion The CACS animal model was a new, brain-gut interaction model, which can mimic part of human symptoms of IBS very well.

BACKGROUND:Previous clinical fol ow-up study showed that disc degeneration of adjacent segment after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion was faster than that of artificial cervical disc replacement. Compared with the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, artificial cervical disc replacement can maintain a good range of motion of replacement segment. Further investigation should be taken to compare the difference between stress and fusion after replacement. OBJECTIVE:To compare the adjacent level discs loads between artificial cervical disc replacement and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. METHODS:A healthy 30-year-old male volunteer was scanned with CT at the artificial cervical intervertebral disc and anterior cervical plate. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed with Mimics 10.01 and Geomagic Studio.v11 software. Above three-dimensional data were input into the Abaqus6.9 finite element analysis software for meshing, assignment, and stress analysis. Finite element method was used to simulate the stress changes of the adjacent segments after artificial cervical disc replacement and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Under the same preload, during anteflexion, posterior extension, and lateroflexion, the disc stress at adjacent segment was significantly larger after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion than normal disc. Compared with normal persons, no significant difference was detected in stress of adjacent segment at anteflexion, posterior extension, and lateroflexion after artificial cervical disc replacement. (2) Compared with artificial cervical disc replacement group, the stress of adjacent segment increased 10.3%-51.6%in the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion group. (3) Finite element analysis showed that the stress was larger in the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion group than in the artificial cervical disc replacement group. With prolonged fol ow-up, compared with the conventional anterior decompression and fusion, artificial cervical disc replacement can better play its protective effect on the adjacent intervertebral disc.

AIM To study the effect of polysaccharides 2b from Mudan cortex (PSM 2b) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats and explore its mechanism. METHODS T2DM rat model was established by low dosage streptozotocin and high sucrose fat diet. The drugs were administrated by ig for 5 weeks. The serum glucose was assayed with GOD POD method. Insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. Insulin receptors of the plasma membrane from rat liver were determined with radioligand binding assay of receptors (RBAR). RESULTS PSM 2b could significantly lower fasting blood glucose (FBG), improve impaired glucose telarance (IGT) and dyslipidemia. It could also remarkably raise receptor total (RT2) of the low affinity insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in T2DM rats. CONCLUSION PSM 2b has an obvious therapeatic effect on T2DM in rats. Its mechamsm is relatively improve insulin resistance (IR) in T2DM rats by raising the number of InsR.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between changes in B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP) and cardiac troponin I(cTnI)levels and prognosis of critically ill patients with sepsis. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 75 patients with severe sepsis and septic shock admitted into Emergency Intensive Care Unit(EICU)of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in Zhejiang Province. According to the severity of the cases,they were divided into two groups:severe sepsis group(34 cases)and septic shock group(41 cases),and based on the difference in prognosis,they were divide into survivor group(32 cases) and non-survivor group(43 cases). Electrocardiogram(ECG)was performed within 24 hours after admission in all the patients. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)score and biochemical markers showing organ dysfunctions as BNP, cTnI, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB mass(CK-MB), and lactate were compared between severe sepsis and septic shock groups and between survivor and non-survivor groups. Results The septic shock group had significantly higher baseline BNP,cTnI,lactate and APACHE Ⅱscore and mortality rate than those in severe sepsis group〔BNP(μg/L):1.90(1.08,2.79)vs. 0.41(0.31,0.75),cTnI (μg/L):1.15(0.92,1.28)vs. 0.58(0.40,0.79),lactate(mmol/L):6.63±3.72 vs. 3.28±1.66,APACHEⅡscore:26.00(24.00,28.00)vs. 21.50(20.00,29.25),mortality rate:70.73%vs. 41.18%,P<0.05 or P<0.01〕. Compared with survivor group,the ages of non-survivor group were older with more males and higher BNP,cTnI,lactate and APACHEⅡscore〔males(cases):30 vs. 13,age(years old):66.49±14.97 vs. 58.19±17.05,BNP:1.60(0.62, 2.51)vs. 0.57(0.37,1.79),lactate:4.10(3.00,9.00)vs. 3.10(2.13,4.18),cTnI:1.02±0.49 vs. 0.62±0.37, APACHE Ⅱ score:28.00(25.00,30.00)vs. 21.00(20.00,25.75),P<0.05 or P<0.01〕. However,there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of CK and CK-MB between the above compared groups(both P>0.05). The patients' ECGs had no obvious changes. Conclusions High plasma BNP and cTnI levels in patients with sepsis may suggest myocardial damage and relatively bad prognosis. The examination of BNP and cTnI levels may help clinicians to early detect the high-risk patients with septic cardiac dysfunction and assess their prognoses.

Objective To investigate the expressions of TF mRNA and TFPI mRNA of liver in rats with Vibrio vulnificus sepsis and to assess the interventional effects of cefoperazone sodium along with levofloxacin lac-tate. Method One hundred and ten male SD rats were divided (random number) into normal control group (NC group, n = 10), Vibrio vulnificus sepsis group (VV group, five subgroups n = 10 in each), drug intervention model (AA group, five subgroups n = 10 in each). The Vibrio vulnificus sepsis models and drug intervention models of rat were made. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was employed for the measurement of TF mRNA and TFPI mRNA. ANOVA and t-test performed with SPSS version 12.0 software. Results Compared with NC, the expressions of TF mRNA in liver increased markedly 2 h,6 h, 12 h and 16 h af-termodeling in VV groups (P<0.05), and reached peak 6 hours after modeling. The expressions of TF mRNA in liver of rats in AA groups were much higher than those in NC group 9 h and 12 h after modeling (P<0.05). The expressions of TFPI mRNA in liver of rats in VV groups and AA groups were not significantly different to those in NC group (P>0.05). Compared with VV groups, the expressions of TF mRNA in liver of rats in AA groups were greatly lowered 9 hours after administration of bactericide (P<0.05), and the expressions of TFPI mRNA in liver of rats in AA groups were significantly higher 12h and 16 h after intervention (P<0.05). Conclusions There is a obvious imbalance between coagulation and anticoagulation functions of circulation system during Vibrio vulnificus sepsis, and the imbalance can be corrected gradually after treatment with antibacterial agents.

Objective To investigate the potential role and changes of CD14, TNF-ct and IL-10 in liver in Vibrio vulnificus septic rats, and detect the intervention effects of eefoperazone sodium combined with levofloxacin. Methods To make Vibrio vulnificus sepsis model (VV group) and drug intervention model (AA group) in rats, the expression of CD14, TNF-α, IL-10 in liver were detected by RT-PCR. Results Compared with normal control (NC) group,CD14 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA expression increased markedly at 2, 6, 9, 12, 16 h in VV group (P<0.05), IL-10 mRNA raised greatly at 9, 12, 16 in VV group (P<0.05). CD14 mRNA expression was also rised in AA group at 9 h(P<0.05). TNF-α mRNA at 9, 12 h and IL-10 mRNA at 9, 12, 16 h in the AA group increased (P<0.05). Compared with VV groups, CD14 mRNA expression diminished greatly at 9, 12, 16 h in AA group (P <0.05), TNF-α mRNA and IL-10 mRNA diminished in the AA group at 16 h(P<0.05). Conclusion The treatment with cefoperazone sodium and levofloxacin may reduce expression of CD14, TNF-α and IL-10 in liver of rats with VV sepsis, it may inhibit the level of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby regulating the balance of the inflammatory response in VV sepsis.

Objective To study epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment of sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus. Method Patientss with Vibrio vulnificus sepsis were collected from 1995 to 2008. The medical records including epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed. Results The male-to-female ratio of 34cases was 4.7:1 and 76. 5% of these patients suffered from chronic liver disease. Most patients occurred from April to October with signs of abrupt fever, characteristic cutaneous lesions, hypotension and progressive multiple organ disfunction syndrome (MODS). The mortality was over 47.1% . The criteria proposed for early diagnosis of Vibrio vulnificus sepsis were abrupt onset with fever during the period from April to November, characteristic cutaneous lesions, such as the most commonly occurred haemorrhagic bullae on the extremities or even extensive necrosis of skin and muscular tissue, progressive hypotension or shock accompanied by MODS, pre-existing liver disease or chronic abuse of alcohol, and consumption of raw seafood or exposure to seawater within 12 week. Early administration of the third-generation cephalosporins with the quinolones in full dosage, aggressive wound debridement,appropriate dermoplasty and supportive care contribute to a better outcome. Conclusions Vibrio vulnificus sepsis progresses rapidly with high mortality. Early diagnosis, rapid treatment with prompt antibiotics and aggressive surgery treatment are very important to improve the outcome.

Objective To evaluate the clearance efficacy of resin hemoperfusion(HP) on the removal of organophosphorus in the rabbits poisoned by methamidophos(MAP) and its effects on organ injury. Method Six-teen healthy Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into HP group and non-HP group. MAP was given through gastric tube in a dosage of 20 mg/kg to rabbits of both groups. Rabbits of liP group received resin hemop-ersion plus conventional treatment including early gastric lavage, atropine and pralidoxime. Rabbits of non-HP group received only conventional treatment. The plasma concentration of MAP was determined by using gas chro-matography before and after rabbits were poisoned at different intervals. Serum choline esterase (ChE),lactic de-hydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) of rabbits of both groups were assayed 6 hours after rabbits poisoned. Pathological changes in lung, liver, kidney and muscle were investigated simutaneously. SPSS 10.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The comparison between groups was carried out by using t -test. Results ① The typical symptoms of organophospborus poisoning were occurred in rabbits within 5 - 10 minutes after ingestion of MAP. In HP group, the plasma levels of rabbits before,and 30 min,60 min,90 min and 120 min after hemoperfu-sion were (11.43±1.56),(7.82±1.54),(4.97±1.58),(5.66±1.75) ,(5.49±1.68) μg/mL, respectively (P <0.01). After hemoperfusion, the plasma MAP levels of rabbits in HP group were lower than those in non-HP groups (P < 0.01). The improveme, nt of clinical presentation of rabbits was observed shortly after HP. ② The blood choline esterase activity of rabbits were depressed in hoth groups without significant difference. In contrast, the blood levels of ALT, AST,LDH,CK and CK-MB of rabbits in non-HP group elevated significantly than in HP group (P < 0.01). ③ The more severe injury of muscle, liver, kidnet and lung of rabbits can could be seen in non-HP group. Conclusions ① HP can effectively eliminate the plasma MAP and has the potential to improve the clinical presentation of intoxication in rabbits. ② Early intervention of Hp exerts a protection from organ dam-age of organophosphorus pesticide.

Objective To investigate the effect of resveratrol (Res) on paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and mortality in mice and the mechanism of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway. Methods Sixty-eight healthy male ICR mice with grade SPF were enrolled, among them 20 mice were used for mortality observation (n = 10), and other 48 were used for determination of related parameters (n = 6). The mice were randomly divided into four group s: normal saline (NS) control group, Res control group, PQ group and PQ + Res group. The mice in the latter two groups were subdivided into 6, 24, 72 hours subgroups. The PQ poisoning model of mice was reproduced by one injection of 30 mg/kg PQ intraperitoneally. The mice in PQ + Res group were given 60 mg/kg Res intraperitoneally on the contralateral side after PQ injection. The mice were sacrificed at 6, 24, 72 hours after PQ poisoning, and lung tissue was harvested. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological changes in lung tissue were observed with electron microscopy. Apoptosis cells in the lung were identified by terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) for the estimation of apoptosis rate. The protein expression of NF-κB p65 was determined by Western Blot. Results Compared with PQ group, the death number of mice at 48, 72, 96 hours in PQ + Res group was slightly decreased (0 vs. 2, 2 vs. 5, 4 vs. 6) but without statistically significant difference (all P > 0.05). Under electron microscope, the lung injury in PQ group was severer than that in NS control group, and Res was found to be able to alleviate the lung injury. Compared with NS control group [(2.45±0.61)%], the apoptosis rate at 6 hours in PQ group was significantly increased [(8.42±1.48)%], and peaked at 72 hours [(21.23±3.47)%]. Res could decrease the apoptosis rate after PQ poisoning [6 hours: (5.56±1.31)% vs. (8.42±1.48)%, 24 hours: (11.14±2.07)% vs. (16.88±2.96)%, 72 hours: (13.28±2.32)% vs. (21.23±3.47)%, all P < 0.05]. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and NF-κB p65 in lung tissue were all markedly increased after PQ poisoning, and they were significantly decreased after Res intervention as compared with those of PQ group [TNF-α (ng/L): 2.62±0.29 vs. 4.06±0.74 at 6 hours, 3.98±0.41 vs. 6.79±0.80 at 24 hours, 5.06±0.75 vs. 11.00±0.75 at 72 hours; IL-6 (ng/L): 14.19±1.54 vs. 16.55±1.24 at 6 hours, 13.21±1.37 vs. 19.73±0.85 at 24 hours, 13.72±0.56 vs. 22.45±0.72 at 72 hours; IL-1β (ng/L): 8.54±1.64 vs. 12.59±0.66 at 6 hours, 10.15±0.29 vs. 16.24±1.03 at 24 hours, 16.14±0.70 vs. 19.55±0.56 at 72 hours; 6-hour NF-κB p65: (1.34±0.07) folds vs. (1.86±0.11) folds when the expression in NS control group was represented as 1, all P < 0.05]. Conclusions Res cannot lower the mortality in mice with PQ poisoning, but it seems to be able to attenuate PQ-induced ALI and cell apoptosis. The mechanism responsible for the latter maybe the inhibitive effect of Res on NF-κB p65 translocation and cytokines production.

Objective To systematically review the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in an animal model of lung injury induced by paraquat (PQ),and to provide a theoretical basis for future clinical trials.Methods The Wanfang,CNKI,VIP,PubMed/MEDLINE,EMBASE database (from January 1979 to September 2012) were searched.All papers concerning TCM in animal model of lung injury induced by PQ were retrieved.Study selection and data extraction were performed on the basis of Cochrane systematic review methods.Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95％ confidence interval (95％CI) with random effects model was adopted to investigate the effect of TCM on lung injury induced by PQ.Results Eighteen papers involving 1 188 rats met our criteria.Meta-analysis showed that TCM could improve the lung coefficiency (WMD-0.07,95％ CI-0.14 to-0.01,P=0.03),reduce lung wet/dry weight ratio (WMD-1.15,95％CI-2.03 to-0.27,P=0.01),increase the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (WMD 56.08,95％CI 23.46 to 88.70,P=0.000 8),improve plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level (WMD 26.64,95％CI 18.95 to 34.33,P＜0.000 01),and lower serum malondialdehyde(MDA) level (WMD-0.65,95％CI-1.00 to-0.30,P=0.000 2),however there was no significant difference in the level of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and hydroxyproline (HYP) level between TCM and controls (TNF-α:WMD-25.15,95％CI-54.87 to 4.57,P=0.10; HYP:WMD-0.11,95％CI-2.71 to 0.48,P=0.17).Conclusions These findings demonstrate the efficacy of TCM in animal models of lung injury induced by PQ.However taking account of heterogeneity,the efficacy should be interpreted with caution.