Molecular imaging technologies are newly emerging subjects in recent years, which are the medical research hotspots today. Advances of several common molecular imaging technologies in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer were reviewed in this article.

Plastic Bronchitis (PB) is a condition characterized by formation of plugs or casts in the tracheobronchial tree, which can induce partial or complete airway obstruction and ventilatory dysfunction.The clinical manifestations are nonspecific, usually including cough, progressive dyspnea and refractory hypoxemia.However, dyspnea and hypoxemia can be quickly improved by removing branching casts with bronchoscopy.Now, the the clinical features and differential diagnosis of PB are described in this article, in order to improve the diagnosis of the disease.

Objective To analyze the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients and its influential factors.Methods The retrospective survey was performed by reviewing and analyzing the clinical data of 7788 inpatients in 2004 in Nankai Hospital of Tianjin.Results Totally 250 nosocomial infection cases were identified,which gave a prevalence of 3.21%.The all-year highest prevalence was found in September.Among all the departments,the highest rate,5.20%,occurred in Department of Gynecology.The inpatients aged more than 60-year-old showed higher prevalence than those under 60 years old.The main infection position was lower respiratory tract(41.60%).Concludes The prevalence of nosocomial infections of Nankai Hospital were within the acceptable standard range defined by Ministry of Health,China.Nevertheless,the prevalence would be reduced if measurements for surveillance and control could be properly applied.

Objective To observe the expression changes of renal tissue Bax,Bcl-2 and caspase-3,to wxamine the correlation between the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2,caspase-3 and renal tubular cells apoptosis,and to investigate the role of caspase-related signal pathway.Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (CN,n=8),exhaustive swimming (ES,n=24) and inula britannica (IB,n=16) group.The rats of CN were quiet without swimming.The rats of ES swam to exhaustive state and were sacrificed at immediately(ESI),6 hour (ES 6 h) and 24 hour (ES 24 h) after exhaustive swimming respectively.The rats of IB took orally inala britannica at the dose of 25 ml/kg body weight at 24 h before swimming and then swam to exhaustive state.The rats of IB group were sacrificed at 6 hour (IB 6 h) and 24 hour (IB 24 h)after exhaustive swimming.The animal model of overtraining-induced acute kidney injury was developed by exhaustive swimming.The renal cell apoptosis was measured by the method of TUNEL.The expressions of Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3 in renal tissue were observed by immunohistochemistry.The expression of caspase-3 protein was examined by Western blotting.The correlation between the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was analysed by Pearson method,and the correlation between the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2,caspase-3 and renal tubular cell apoptosis was analysed by Spearman method.Results The number of renal tubular apeptotic cells was increased progressively in ESI to ES 24 h rats by TUNEL (P＜0.05).Immunohistochemistry staining showed that the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in renal tubular cells were increased progressively at 0 h,6 h and 24 h after exhaustive swimming compared with control group (P＜0.05).The change of renal tissue caspase-3 was also revealved by Western blotting analysis.The ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in renal tubular cell was correlated positively (r=0.865,P＜0.05),The ratio of Bax to Bcl-2,and caspase-3 was also correlated positively to renal tubular cell apoptosis (r=0.674,r=0.837,P＜0.05) in ES rats.Pretreatment with inula britannica inhibited the up-regulation of the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2,caspase-3 and cell apoptosis in renal tubular cell induced by exhaustive swimming.Conclusion Overtraining can induce renal tubular cells apoptosis through activating caspase-related signal pathway by impairing the balance of Bax and Bcl-2,which may be one of the important molecular mechanisms of overtraining-induceed renal tubular cells apoptosis.

Objective To determine the capability of quantitative low attenuation areas volume percentage(LAA%)in individual lobes to assess pulmonary function loss and disease severity in pulmonary COPD patients.Methods A total of 80 subjects (50 COPD patients;30 normal smokers),who all were smokers,underwent pulmonary function tests(PFTs)and Chest CT examination at full inspiration.For the quantitative assessment,percentage of low attenuation areas were automatically calculated for each lobe by the post processing software(Thoracic VCAR).To study the correlation between these CT parameters and lung function(FEV1% pre-dicted,FEV1/FVC,DLCO%predicted,RV/TLC),univariate linear regression analysis was performed.CT measurements were compared between the five groups with analysis of covariance(ANCOVA).Results FEV1 and FEV1/FVC had significant correla-tions with all of these CT parameters.DLCO、RV/TLC had significant correlations with these parameters,aside from the LAA% of right middle lobe and right inferior lobe.The LAA% in left upper lobe have the highest correlation with FEV1、DLCO、RV/TLC. However,FEV1/FVC have the highest correlation with the LAA% of right lower lobe.The LAA% of Right lung,right upper lobe,and whole lung were significantly different between the non-COPD group and GOLD1 group.Conclusion Whole lung and every lung lobe low attenuation areas volume percentage were reflected the lung function impairment in COPD patients.

Objective To study the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ) in over-exertion induced acute kidney injury (OTIAKI) by observing the changes in ET-1 and AngⅡ contents in plasma and renal tissue and their relationship with OTIAKI in exhausted rats. Methods 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (CN, n=8) and exhaustion group (ES, n=32). The exhaustion group, depending on the recovery time after exhaustion, was further divided into 4 subgroups (8 each): immediate subgroup (ESI), 6h after exhaustion subgroup (ES 6h), 12h after exhaustion subgroup (ES 12h) and 24h after exhaustion subgroup (ES 24h). The animal model of OTIAKI was reproduced by exhausting swimming, while the rats in control group were not forced to swim. The contents of serum urea (Ur) and creatinine (Cr) in each group were serially measured. The renal specimens were observed with a light microscope to study their morphologic changes. Renal cell apoptosis was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The contents of ET-1 and AngⅡ in plasma and renal tissue were measured by radio-immunoassay (RIA). The correlation between the content of ET-1 and the levels of serum Ur and Cr were was analyzed by Pearson method, and the correlation between the content of AngⅡ in renal tissue and cell apoptosis was analyzed by Spearman method. Results The levels of serum Ur and Cr were significantly increased in ESI group (P

Heparin and low molecular weight heparin have been widely used in clinical therapy as anticoagulants in cardiovascular disease and in hemodialysis. Crude heparin is usually prepared from porcine intestinal mucosa. Purified heparin is a mixture of polysaccharides consisting mainly of repeating GlcNS(6S)-IdoA2S disaccharides and other disaccharides with different GlcNAc/GlcNS±3S±6S-GlcA/IdoA±2S residues. Heparin injections are drugs prepared from heparin active pharmaceutical ingredient ( API ) that is prepared from crude heparin. Low molecular weight heparins are dominant heparin-based drugs used clinically, which are prepared by degrading heparin into smaller sizes. As a result, low molecular weight heparins are sharing the same major disaccharides but have different reducing and non-reducing ends. In current study, we focused on the disaccharide compositional analysis of clinically used heparin and heparin-based drugs. HeparinaseⅠ,II, and Ⅲ were used to degrade all heparin and heparin-based drugs including heparin sodium injection, Enoxaparin sodium injection, Nadroparin calcium injection, Dalteparin sodium injection, Fondaparinux sodium into disaccharides. All the degraded products were analyzed by strong anion high perforance liquid chromatography ( SAX-HPLC) coupled with an UV-detector. Commercially available unsaturated disaccharide standards were then used for structral identification. Furthermore, unusual disaccharides present in Nadroparin, Dalteparin, and Fondaparinux were confirmed by reversed-phase ion pair HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry. The developed method produced detailed structural information, which should be useful for quality control of heparin and heparin-based drugs.

Objective To investigate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride ( PHC) pretreat?ment on nuclear factor erythroid 2?related factor 2∕heme oxygenase?1 ( Nrf2∕HO?1) signaling pathway in re?nal tissues of rats with rhabdomyolysis?induced acute kidney injury ( AKI) . Methods Thirty?six pathogen?free male Sprague?Dawley rats, weighing 200-220 g, were assigned into 3 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), group AKI and PHC pretreatment group (group PHC). Rhabdomyolysis was induced by intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol 10 ml∕kg in bilateral hindlimbs. PHC 0?2 mg∕kg was injected intraperitoneally at 30 min before glycerol was injected intramuscularly in group PHC. At 1 and 6 h after glycerol injection, serum was collected for determination of blood urea nitro?gen ( BUN) and creatinine ( Cr) concentrations, and bilateral kidneys were harvested for pathological ex?amination and for determination of HO?1 activity and expression of Nrf2 mRNA and HO?1 mRNA ( by quan?titative real?time polymerase chain reaction) , Nrf2 in nucleoprotein and total protein and HO?1 in total pro?tein in renal tissues ( by Western blot) . The damage to the renal tubules was scored. Results Compared with group C, the BUN and Cr concentrations in serum and renal tubular damage scores were significantly increased, the expression of Nrf2 in nucleoprotein and total protein and HO?1 in total protein was signifi?cantly up?regulated, and HO?1 activity was significantly increased in AKI and PHC groups, the expression of HO?1 mRNA was significantly up?regulated in group AKI, and the expression of Nrf2 mRNA and HO?1 mRNA was significantly up?regulated in group PHC (P<0?01 or 0?05). Compared with group AKI, the BUN and Cr concentrations in serum and renal tubular damage scores were significantly decreased, the ex?pression of Nrf2 in nucleoprotein and total protein and HO?1 in total protein was significantly up?regulated, and HO?1 activity was significantly increased in group PHC ( P<0?01 or 0?05) . Conclusion The mecha?nism by which PHC pretreatment attenuates rhabdomyolysis?induced AKI may be related to activation of Nrf2∕HO?1 signaling pathway in renal tissues of rats.

Objective To compare the diagnostic value of PET-CT and bone scintigraphy in bone metastases. Methods Thirty-two patients with malignant neoplasm confirmed by pathology were undergone18F-FDG PET-CT and bone scan within two weeks.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of PET-CT and bone scan in detecting the focus were compared at the same scan filed.Results The diagnostic sensitivity,specificity and accuracy with PET-CT were 94.9%,91.7% and 94.1%,respectively,and 96.2%,54.2% and 86.3% with bone scan,respectively.18F-FDG PET-CT and99Tcm-MDP bone scan were the same in detecting metastatic tumor of bone,but the specificity of18F-FDG PET-CT was better than99Tcm-MDP bone scan in detecting bone metastasis.Conclusion Compared with99Tcm-MDP bone scan,18F-FDG PET-CT is more specific and helpful in detecting bone metastases.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of high-density micropulse photocoagulation (HD-SDM) combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema (DME).Methods Thirty-one patients (31 eyes) with DME were randomly divided into two groups.Group A (15 eyes) received HD-SDM combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab.Group B (16 eyes) only received intravitreal injection of ranibizumab.The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) of the two groups before and after treatment were analyzed,and the annual injection times of the two groups were compared.Results The average annual injection times was 3.67 ± 1.11 in group A,and 9.12 ±2.63 in group B.The difference was significant between the two groups (t =2.05,P ＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in CMT before and after treatment in both groups (all P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in CMT between the two groups(t =1.19,P ＞ 0.05).There were significant differences in BCVA before and after treatment in both groups (all P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference before and after treatment between the two groups(all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Both HD-SDM combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and single intravitreal injection of ranlbizumab are effective for DME,but the combining treatment can remarkably decrease the annual injection times and had a good compliance of patients,is a good choice for DME patients.