Objective To preliminarily investigate the safety and efficacy of donor pancreas needle biopsy in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 7 cases undergoing donor pancreas biopsy were collected retrospectively. All cases underwent donor pancreas biopsy before or during simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Frozen section or paraffin sectioning techniques were used for tissue preparation, and hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining were performed to histologically evaluate the donor pancreas. The quality of donor pancreas was comprehensively assessed by combining histological findings with the donor's clinical data. Postoperative follow-up data of 5 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients were collected to summarize the safety of donor pancreas biopsy and the prognosis of transplant recipients. Results The 7 pancreas donors were aged 28 to 62 years, with a body mass index ranging from 20.76 to 27.68 kg/m². Liver ultrasound indicated fatty liver in 3 cases, while pancreatic ultrasound did not reveal any significant abnormalities. Among them, biopsy was performed on 2 donors after completion of pancreatic procurement and processing, and the frozen section histology showed moderate acute pancreatitis changes (edema of acinar cells, necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration). Combined with a serum amylase level elevated more than 3 times the upper limit of normal value, these two donor pancreases were finally discarded. The remaining 5 cases underwent biopsy immediately after pancreatic vascular anastomosis during simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, and histological evaluation was performed on paraffin-embedded sections. No biopsy-related complications (such as bleeding, pancreatic fistula, etc.) occurred after transplantation. One recipient died of severe infection 2 months after transplantation, while the other 4 recipients were followed up for more than 5 years, with well-functioning transplant kidneys and pancreases. Conclusions Donor pancreas biopsy is relatively safe, and the risk of biopsy-related complications after transplantation is controllable. Comprehensive assessment of donor pancreas quality by combining histological evaluation with the donor's clinical indicators is conducive to improving the accuracy of donor pancreas selection and organ utilization.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of modified splenic arteriovenous shunt surgery at the distal pancreatic tail in combined pancreas-kidney transplantation.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 24 recipients who underwent combined pancreas-kidney transplantation with the modified splenic arteriovenous shunt at the pancreatic tail from November 2023 to October 2024 (shunt group) and 231 recipients who received conventional splenic artery and vein ligation since 2016 (ligation group). The incidence of perioperative thrombosis and severe adverse events was compared between the two groups using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Independent sample t-tests were performed to assess postoperative pancreatic and renal function recovery as well as blood perfusion in 15 recipients from the shunt group and 20 from the ligation group who underwent CT perfusion imaging (CTP).Results:The incidence of perioperative splenic arteriovenous thrombosis was lower in the shunt group (0) compared to the ligation group (4.76%, 11/231), though the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.606). One month postoperatively, the shunt group demonstrated significantly lower serum amylase levels than the ligation group (99.61±19.62 vs. 148.20±70.67 U/L, P=0.018). However, at the time of CTP examination, serum lipase (67.87±32.35 vs. 45.11±17.94 U/L, P=0.014) and creatinine levels (131.79±26.41 vs. 112.1±24.98 μmol/L, P=0.034) were significantly higher in the shunt group. Urea nitrogen levels were also significantly higher in the shunt group both one month postoperatively (11.24±4.64 vs. 8.51±3.01 mmol/L, P=0.043) and at the CTP examination (10.41±1.78 vs. 6.87±1.91 mmol/L, P=0.001). Regarding pancreatic perfusion, blood volume in both the pancreatic head (15.99 ± 3.51 vs. 20.67 ± 5.47 ml/100 g, P = 0.024) and tail (17.19±4.24 vs. 27.40±19.80 ml/100 g, P=0.039) was significantly lower in the shunt group. After one minute of splenic artery perfusion, the shunt group exhibited significantly higher splenic artery blood flow (755.85±101.50 vs. 574.00 ± 142.06 ml·min -1· (100 g) -1, P<0.001) and blood volume (58.90 ±19.93 vs. 23.21±17.02 ml/100 g, P=0.007) compared to the ligation group. These differences persisted after two minutes of perfusion (blood flow: 793.83±68.57 vs. 503.78 ± 130.80 ml·min -1· (100 g) -1, P<0.001; blood volume: 64.22±15.74 vs. 34.32±20.39 ml/100 g, P=0.002). For the transplanted kidney, the shunt group had significantly lower blood flow (113.10±28.55 vs. 232.76±113.37 ml·min -1· (100 g) -1, P<0.001), blood volume (28.95±10.79 vs. 38.36±12.38 ml/100 g, P=0.047), and capillary surface permeability (PS) (26.49±16.57 vs. 43.02±20.37, P = 0.042) in the upper pole. Similar reductions in blood flow, blood volume, and PS were observed in the middle dorsal region ( P=0.018, 0.021, and 0.048, respectively) and lower pole ( P<0.001, P=0.048, and P=0.012, respectively). Conclusion:The modified splenic arteriovenous shunt at the pancreatic tail appears to be a safe and effective approach to reducing the risk of pancreatic graft thrombosis. This technique facilitates effective diversion of pancreatic parenchymal blood flow into the splenic vein, alleviating hyperperfusion of the transplanted pancreas. While renal blood perfusion was reduced postoperatively, it did not adversely affect renal function.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of modified splenic arteriovenous shunt surgery at the distal pancreatic tail in combined pancreas-kidney transplantation.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 24 recipients who underwent combined pancreas-kidney transplantation with the modified splenic arteriovenous shunt at the pancreatic tail from November 2023 to October 2024 (shunt group) and 231 recipients who received conventional splenic artery and vein ligation since 2016 (ligation group). The incidence of perioperative thrombosis and severe adverse events was compared between the two groups using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Independent sample t-tests were performed to assess postoperative pancreatic and renal function recovery as well as blood perfusion in 15 recipients from the shunt group and 20 from the ligation group who underwent CT perfusion imaging (CTP).Results:The incidence of perioperative splenic arteriovenous thrombosis was lower in the shunt group (0) compared to the ligation group (4.76%, 11/231), though the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.606). One month postoperatively, the shunt group demonstrated significantly lower serum amylase levels than the ligation group (99.61±19.62 vs. 148.20±70.67 U/L, P=0.018). However, at the time of CTP examination, serum lipase (67.87±32.35 vs. 45.11±17.94 U/L, P=0.014) and creatinine levels (131.79±26.41 vs. 112.1±24.98 μmol/L, P=0.034) were significantly higher in the shunt group. Urea nitrogen levels were also significantly higher in the shunt group both one month postoperatively (11.24±4.64 vs. 8.51±3.01 mmol/L, P=0.043) and at the CTP examination (10.41±1.78 vs. 6.87±1.91 mmol/L, P=0.001). Regarding pancreatic perfusion, blood volume in both the pancreatic head (15.99 ± 3.51 vs. 20.67 ± 5.47 ml/100 g, P = 0.024) and tail (17.19±4.24 vs. 27.40±19.80 ml/100 g, P=0.039) was significantly lower in the shunt group. After one minute of splenic artery perfusion, the shunt group exhibited significantly higher splenic artery blood flow (755.85±101.50 vs. 574.00 ± 142.06 ml·min -1· (100 g) -1, P<0.001) and blood volume (58.90 ±19.93 vs. 23.21±17.02 ml/100 g, P=0.007) compared to the ligation group. These differences persisted after two minutes of perfusion (blood flow: 793.83±68.57 vs. 503.78 ± 130.80 ml·min -1· (100 g) -1, P<0.001; blood volume: 64.22±15.74 vs. 34.32±20.39 ml/100 g, P=0.002). For the transplanted kidney, the shunt group had significantly lower blood flow (113.10±28.55 vs. 232.76±113.37 ml·min -1· (100 g) -1, P<0.001), blood volume (28.95±10.79 vs. 38.36±12.38 ml/100 g, P=0.047), and capillary surface permeability (PS) (26.49±16.57 vs. 43.02±20.37, P = 0.042) in the upper pole. Similar reductions in blood flow, blood volume, and PS were observed in the middle dorsal region ( P=0.018, 0.021, and 0.048, respectively) and lower pole ( P<0.001, P=0.048, and P=0.012, respectively). Conclusion:The modified splenic arteriovenous shunt at the pancreatic tail appears to be a safe and effective approach to reducing the risk of pancreatic graft thrombosis. This technique facilitates effective diversion of pancreatic parenchymal blood flow into the splenic vein, alleviating hyperperfusion of the transplanted pancreas. While renal blood perfusion was reduced postoperatively, it did not adversely affect renal function.

Objective Intracranial hemorrhage(ICH),the second most common subtype of stroke,exacerbates the disruption of the blood-brain barrier(BBB),leading to vasogenic edema,plasma protein extravasation,and infiltration of neurotoxic substances.The clearance capacity of the brain plays a crucial role in maintaining BBB homeostasis and facilitating patient recovery after hemorrhage.This study aimed to investigate the effect of circadian rhythms on BBB function,neuronal damage,and clearance capabilities. Methods The transwell model and hemoglobin were co-cultured to simulate the BBB environment after ICH.After intervention with different light groups,neuronal apoptosis was determined,glial phagocytosis was analyzed,the expression of endogenous clearing-related proteins aquaporin 4(AQP4)and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1(LRP1)was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence dual standard method,and the expression of the tight junction protein occludin and melatonin receptor 1A(MTNR1A)was quantitatively analyzed. Results Circadian rhythms play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB,reducing oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage,and improving microglial phagocytosis.Meanwhile,the expression of occludin and MTNR1A in neurovascular unit(NVU)co-cultured with hemoglobin improved the expression of AQP4 and LRP1,the key proteins in the NVU's endogenous brain clearance system. Conclusion Circadian rhythm(alternating black and white light)protects the NVU BBB function after ICH,promotes the expression of proteins related to the clearance of the hematoma,provides new evidence for the clinical treatment of patients recovering from ICH,and improves the circadian rhythm to promote brain metabolism and hematoma clearance.

One case of COVID-19 infection secondary to pulmonary mucormycosis in a recipient of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation was described. Early identification of the pathogen was achieved by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. On the basis of disease status and liver function changes, targeted treatments included intravenous amphotericin B liposome, amphotericin B nebulization& gargling and subsequently a maintenance therapy of oral posaconazole. This regimen resulted in the absorption of lung infection, stabilization of transplanted pancreas function and reduced levels of creatinine and urea as compared to pre-infection period. The therapeutic efficacy was decent.

Objective:To summarize the distributional characteristics of postoperative occurrence of multi-drug resistant organism (MDRO) infections and their risk factors in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) recipients and examine the impact of MDRO infections on the survival of SPK recipients.Method:From January 2016 to December 2022, the relevant clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 218 SPK recipients. The source of donor-recipient specimens and the composition percentage of MDRO pathogens were examined. According to whether or not MDRO infection occurred post-transplantation, they were assigned into two groups of MDRO (98 cases) and non-MDRO (120 cases). The clinical data of two groups of donors and recipients were analyzed. And the risk factors for an onset of MDRO infection were examined by binary Logistic regression. The survival rate of two recipient groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier method.Result:A total of 98/218 recipients (45%) developed MDRO infections. And 46 (46.9%) of sputum and 34 (34.7%) of urine were cultured positively and 49 (50%) pathogens expressed extended spectrum beta-lactamase. There were pneumonia (46 cases, 46.9%), urinary tract infections (34 cases, 34.7%), abdominal infections (16 cases, 16.3%) and bloodstream infections (2 cases, 2.0%). Univariate regression analysis revealed that length of renal failure ( P=0.037), length of hospitalization ( P<0.001), length of antibiotic use ( P<0.001), novel antibiotics ( P=0.014), albumin ( P<0.001) and leukocyte count ( P<0.001) were risk factors for an onset of MDRO infections. The results of multifactorial regression indicated that low albumin ( OR=0.855, 95% CI: 0.790~0.925, P<0.001) and leukopenia ( OR=0.656, 95% CI: 0.550~0.783, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for an onset of MDRO infections. The survival rates of recipients in MDRO group at Year 1/3 post-operation were 92.9% (91/98) and 89.8% (88/98). And the survival rate of recipients in non-MDRO group was 96.7% (116/120) at Year 1/3 post-operation. Inter-group difference was not statistically significant in 1-year survival rate of two recipient groups ( P=0.201); statistically significant inter-group difference in 3-year survival rate between two recipient groups ( P=0.041) . Conclusion:Low albumin and leukopenia are risk factors for MDRO infection. Infection with MDRO has some impact on the survival of recipients.

Objective:To summarize the clinical characteristics and risk factors of acute rejection(AR)of transplanted pancreas and kidney after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation(SPK)and explore the effects of AR on the survival of transplanted pancreas, kidney and recipients.Methods:From September 2016 to July 2022, the relevant clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 218 recipients undergoing SPK.According to whether or not AR occurred after SPK, they were assigned into two groups of AR(n=53)and non-AR(n=165). The relevant clinical data were compared for two groups of donors and recipients and the risk factors of AR analyzed by binary Logistic regression.Kaplan-Meier method was employed for comparing the survival rates of recipients/transplanted pancreas and kidneys in two groups.Results:A total of 53 cases(24.3%)developed ARs of transplanted pancreas(n=31, 14.2%)(5 of 2 ARs), transplanted kidney(n=15, 6.9%)(1 of 2 ARs)and transplanted pancreas & kidney AR(n=11, 5.0%)(2 of 2 ARs). Tacrolimus blood levels in AR and non-AR groups were(5.8±1.2)and(6.3±1.6)μg/L and failed to attain targets in 36(67.9%)and 78(47.3%)cases.During follow-ups, the incidence of pneumonia and urinary tract infections in AR group versus non-AR group were[43.4%(23/53)vs.27.3%(45/165)and 39.6%(21/53)vs.18.8%(31/165)]and the differences were statistically significant( P=0.028 & 0.002). The results of multifactorial regression analysis revealed that sub-optimal blood level of tacrolimus was an independent risk factor for an occurrence of AR in grafts of SPK recipients( OR=2.254, 95% CI: 1.167-4.353, P=0.016). Comparisons of 1/5-year postoperative survival rates between recipients in AR and no-AR group(98.1% vs.93.9% and 92.1% vs.92.4%)indicated that the differences were not statistically significant( P=0.233 & 0.806). Through comparing 1/5-year survival rates of transplanted pancreas in AR and non-AR groups(94.3% vs.100%, 89.4% vs.98.6%), the differences were statistically significant( P=0.003 & 0.004). And 1/5-year survival rates of transplanted kidneys in AR and non-AR groups(92.5% vs.100% and 90.2% vs.100%)were compared and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.001). Conclusions:The incidence of AR is higher in transplanted pancreas and kidney after SPK.And the incidence of pneumonia and urinary tract infection is higher in AR group than that in non-AR group.Sub-optimal blood level of tacrolimus is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of AR.The 1/5-year survival rates of transplanted pancreas and transplanted kidney are lower in AR group than those in non-AR group.It has some effect on the survival of transplanted pancreas and kidney.

Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of pathogens in donors and recipients undergoing simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK). Methods Clinical data of 231 pairs of donors and recipients undergoing SPK were analyzed retrospectively. The pathogens of samples from donors and recipients were identified by VITEK-2 analyzer, and drug sensitivity test was performed by K-B method. The source distribution and composition ratio of pathogens in donor and recipient samples, distribution characteristics of multi-drug resistant organism, infection of recipients and drug resistance characteristics of pathogens were analyzed. Results A total of 395 strains of pathogens were cultured from 1 294 donor samples, and the detection rate was 30.53%. Gram-negative bacteria mainly consisted of klebsiella pneumoniae, Gram-positive bacteria mainly comprised staphylococcus aureus, and fungi primarily included candida albicans, respectively. In total, 2 690 strains of pathogens were cultured from 10 507 recipient samples, and the detection rate was 25.60%. Gram-negative bacteria mainly consisted of pseudomonas maltophilia, Gram-positive bacteria primarily comprised enterococcus faecalis, and fungi mainly included candida albicans, respectively. Among 395 pathogens of donors, 15 strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 16 strains of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive drug-resistant bacteria, 8 strains of carbapenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa (CR-PA), 21 strains of carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB), 2 strains of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and 1 strain of multiple-drug/pan-drug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR/PDR-PA) were identified. Among 2 690 strains of recipient pathogens, 73 strains of ESBL positive drug-resistant bacteria, 44 strains of CR-PA, 31 strains of CR-AB and 3 strains of MDR/PDR-PA were detected. One recipient developed donor-derived infection, 69 cases of pneumonia, 52 cases of urinary tract infection, 35 cases of abdominal infection and 2 cases of hematogenous infection were reported within postoperative 1 year. Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to certain antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to vancomycin. Fungi were sensitive to amphotericin B. Conclusions Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens of SPK recipients, which are resistant to certain antibiotics. Empirical use of antibiotics can be delivered before culture results are obtained. Subsequently, sensitive antibiotics should be chosen according to the culture results to improve the survival rate of SPK recipients.

Background Evidence on the association between greenness and adiposity in children and adolescents is inconsistent and mostly from developed countries. Relatively limited evidence is from China. Objective To assess the association between greenness and adiposity in children and adolescents based on satellite remote sensing data. Methods From 2016 to 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 52316 children and adolescents aged 5-18 years in three cities in the Pearl River Delta region of China. Basic sociological and demographic characteristics of the population and adiposity levels were collected through questionnaires. Land Remote-Sensing Satellite (Landsat) data and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) products were used to quantify the greenness around the schools and homes, including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation continuous field (VCF), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) calculated within 500 m and 1000 m buffers centered around the participants' homes or schools. A restricted cubic spline function was used to assess the exposure-response relationship. After categorizing greenness levels into quartiles with the first quartile as the reference, two-level generalized linear models were applied to assess the change in body mass index z-scores (zBMI) and the risk of overweight of children and adolescents in higher quartiles relative to the lowest quartile. In addition, counterfactual framework modelling was applied to assess the potential mediation effects of PM_2.5 and NO₂, and physical activity levels on the associations between greenness and adiposity levels. Results Of the 52316 children included, 8406 (16.1%) were overweight. A non-linear negative association of the level of greenness around the homes or schools and zBMI was found, with a significant lower zBMI in children and adolescents when a certain level of greenness was reached. After adjusting for confounders, the participants in the highest quartile had a significantly lower level of zBMI and a significantly lower risk of overweight compared with those in the lowest quartile of NDVI_{500 m} and VCF_{500 m}. The estimate change (\begin{document}$b$\end{document}) for zBMI was −0.07 (95%CI: −0.10-−0.04) and the odds ratio (OR) for overweight was 0.92 (95%CI: 0.85-0.99) for the students in the highest NDVI_{500 m} quartile based on home address compared to those in the lowest quartile. Significant negative associations were also observed when 1000 m buffer, SAVI, and EVI were used. The mediation analysis showed that PM_2.5 and NO₂ partially mediated the negative association of NDVI_{500 m} with zBMI , and the proportions of mediation were 50% (95%CI: 20%-80%) and 90% (95%CI: 50%-160%), respectively while no significant mediation effect was observed for physical activity level. Conclusion Higher levels of greenness surrounding homes or schools may be associated with a reduced risk of overweight and decreased zBMI in children and adolescents, and such associations may be partially mediated by reducing air pollutant concentrations.

Objective:To analyze the association of pre-transplant risk factors with diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation and examine the significance of preventing the occurrence in kidney transplantation recipients.Methods:A total of 290 kidney transplantation recipients were retrospectively reviewed at our transplantation center from August 2018 to May 2020.Diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation was employed as a primary outcome index.Multivariate Logistic regression model was utilized for constructing A (without adjusting for covariates)、B(covariates include: gender, dialysis mode, type of donation)and C(covariates include: gender, dialysis mode, type of donation, calcineurin inhibitor, antiproliferative drugs, primary disease, fasting blood glucose, 1 h postprandial blood glucose, fasting C peptide, 1 h and 2 h postprandial C peptide, fasting C-peptide index, 1 h postprandial C-peptide index, albumin, triglycerides, total cholesterol)to evaluate the relationship between diabetes mellitus after transplantation and age, body mass index, 2 h postprandial blood glucose(2 h-PG), HbA1c, and 2 h postprandial C-peptide index(2 h-CPI).Results:In model A, age [odds ratio(OR)1.1, 95% confidence interval( CI)1.0~1.1], BMI(OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0~1.3), 2 h PG(OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1~1.4), HbA1c(OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5~4.9), 2 h-CPI(OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5~1.0), model B/C had similar results with A. Age, BMI, 2 h PG and HbA1c were all risk factors for diabetes mellitus after transplantation while 2 h-CPI was a protective factor.Quartile stratification was analyzed by regression model.And trend test was significant( P<0.05). Conclusions:Age, BMI, 2 h PG, HbA1c and 2 h-CPI are correlated with diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation.