To review the advance in research of axonal damage mechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS) in recent years. To explain the evidence and effect of morphology and imageology in axonal damage of MS. And, to show the progression in the mechanism of axonal damage in MS.

Bronchiolitis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; DNA, Viral ; Female ; Human bocavirus ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Metapneumovirus ; isolation & purification

Death ; Hematoma, Subdural/etiology* ; Humans ; Syphilis, Congenital/complications*

Objective To discuss the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in pharmaceutical care by successful intervention of severe drug-drug interaction in 3 patients with hematological disease treated with voriconazole and rifampin.Methods Three patients with hematological disease were monitored for the plasma concentration of voriconazole before,during,and after the concomitant use of rifampin.The severity of this drug interaction was revealed,risks for developing invasive fungal infection and tuberculosis dissemination after chemotherapy were evaluated based on the TDM results,and alternative regimens were recommended.Results Voriconazole plasma concentration was normal at baseline but significantly depressed after combination with rifampin in all 3 cases.Concomnitant use of rifampin leads to a rapid decline in plasma concentration of voriconazole in 2-3 days,and withdraw of this enzyme induction effect takes 8-10 days after discontinuation of rifampin.Conclusion TDM is a helpful tool for providing pharmaceutical care,it helps to objectively visualize the degree of clinically important drug-drug interactions.Clinical evidence together with TDM results suggests high risk for developing invasive fungal infection and tuberculosis dissemination in hematology patients while using this combination therapy.Discontinuation of rifampin was suggested and accepted.For these patients,combination of voriconazole and rifampin should be avoided.

OBJECTIVETo explore material bases and neurobiological mechanisms of "Shen storing will" by observing learning and memory capacities and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor expressions in Shen deficiency constitution (SDC) rats.

METHODSTotally 40 SD rats were randomly divided into the model group, the Zuogui Pill (ZP) group, the Yougui Pill (YP) group, the blank control group (consisting of normal pregnant rats), 10 in each group. SDC young rat model (inherent deficiency and postnatal malnutrition) was prepared by the classic way of "cat scaring rat". Medication started when they were scared by cat. Rats in the ZP group and the YP group were administered by gastrogavage with ZP suspension 0.1875 g/mL and YP suspension 0.0938 g/mL respectively. Equal volume of normal saline was administered to rats in the blank control group and the model group by gastrogavage. All medication was given once per day, 5 days in a week for 2 consecutive months. Learning and memory capacities were detected by Morris water maze test. Expressions of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B in hippocamus were detected by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSCompared with the blank control group, the latency period, total distance in Morris water maze test were longer in the model group (P < 0.05). All the aforesaid indices all decreased in the ZP group and the YP group, with statistical difference when compared with the model group (P < 0.05). The protein expressions of NR2A and NR2B in hippocamus were lower in the model group than in the blank control group (P < 0.05). But when compared with the model group, they were obviously higher in the ZP group and the YP group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSSDC rats had degenerated learning and memory capacities and lowered NMDA receptor expressions. ZP and YP could up-regulate learning and memory capacities and NMDA receptor expressions, thereby improving deterioration of brain functions in SDC rats.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Pregnancy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

Objective To summarize the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS),its components and T1 stage with high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) of the Bladder.Methods The clinical data of 200 patients with T1 high grade bladder cancer who were admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to June 2014 were retrospectively analyzed,including 155 males and 45 females.Ages were 24 to 86 years old,average 66 years old.Based on the history or blood glucose levels,patients were divided into diabetic group (n =41) (20.5％) and non diabetes group 159 cases (79.5％);According to the body mass index (BMI) were divided into obese group (≥25 kg / m2) of 98 cases (49.0％) and non obese group (＜ 25 kg / m2) of 102 cases (51.0％).According to the blood pressure level,71 cases (35.5％) were divided into hypertension group and 129 cases of non hypertension group (64.5％).MS and its components and the relationship between the recurrence and progress of bladder cancer were analyzed.The Kaplan Meier method was used to assess MS and its components division of tumor progression free survival (progress-free survival,PFS) and recurrence free survival (recurrence-free survival,RFS) influence.Cox regression model of multi factor analysis were used to evaluate the PFS and RFs of MS and its components with bladder cancer.Results Of the 200 cases,16 cases (8.0％) were MS.Tumor recurrence occurred in 121 cases (60.5％),and 84 patients (42.0％) were in progress.Diabetes and non diabetes groups the average RFs were 21.7 and 29.3 months respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =10.115,P =0.001);The median PFS were 32.8 and 39.8 months respectively,the difference has statistical significance (x2 =14.760,P ＜0.001).Obese group and non obese group average RFs were 34.7 and 42.0 months respectively,and the difference were statistically significant (x2 =16.077,P ＜ 0.001);The median PFS were 22.8 and 32.6 months respectively,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =16.174,P＜0.001).The average RFS of MS group and non MS group were 21.5 and 28.4 months respectively,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =5.429,P =0.02);the average PFS was 35.1 and 38.7 months respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =3.854,P ＜ 0.05).Cox multivariate survival analysis showed that diabetes and obesity can increase the risk of recurrence and progression of T1 advanced stage bladder cancer (HR =1.792,P =0.013,HR =2.498,P ＜ 0.001;HR =0.559,P ＜ 0.001;HR =0.492,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Diabetes mellitus and obesity are high risk factors for the recurrence and progression of T1 advanced stage bladder cancer,but MS is not related to the prognosis of T1 patients with advanced bladder cancer.

Ergosterol is the important component of the fungal membrane, and having stable structure. This makes it a suitable indicator for growth of fungi. In the paper, isolation and determination techniques of ergosterol as the indicator of the fungal biomass were reviewed. The methods of extracting ergosterol include traditional saponification and refluxing, rapid physical disruption, rapid ultrasonication, supercritical fluid extraction and so on. The ergosterol determination methods are high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and thin-layer chromatography, et al. The application of these techniques was also introduced. Finally, the paper prospected the feasibility of applying the ergosterol as the indicator of fungal biomass in composting.

OBJECTIVETo explore the time law of electroacupuncture in regulation of circadian rhythms of the organism.

METHODSEffects of electroacupuncture at "Shenshu" (BL 23) at Zi, Wu, Mao and You periods on circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and core body temperature in hamsters were observed with chronobiological research methods.

RESULTSElectroacupuncture at Wu period could decrease the amplitude of locomotor activity rhythm (P < 0.05), at Mao period could delay the peak phase of circadian rhythm and at You period could advance the peak phase of circadian rhythm (both P < 0.05); and electroacupuncture at Mao period could delay 22.36 degrees and at You period advance 39.32 degrees for the rhythm peak of the circadian rhythm of core body temperature.

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture has a certain effect on circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and core body temperature.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cricetinae ; Motor Activity

Nowadays, nanotechnologies have shown wide application foreground in the biomedical field of medicine laboratory tests, drug delivery, gene therapy and bioremediation. However, in recent years, nanomaterials have been labeled poisonous, because of the disputes and misunderstandings of mainstream views on their safety. Besides, for the barriers of technical issues in preparation like: (1) low efficacy (poor PK & PD and low drug loading), (2) high cost (irreproducibility and difficulty in scale up), little of that research has been successfully translated into commercial products. Currently, along with the new theory of "physical damage is the origin of nanotoxicity", biodegradability and biocompatibility of nanomaterials are listed as the basic principle of safe application of nanomaterials. Combining scientific design based on molecular level with precision control of process engineering will provide a new strategy to overcome the core technical challenges. New turning point of translational medicine in nanotechnology may emerge.
Biocompatible Materials ; Nanostructures ; toxicity ; Nanotechnology ; Translational Medical Research

Objective To improve the level of early detection and treatment of pyonephrosis. Methods This study included 41 cases(17 men and 24 women;mean age,49 years)of pyonephrosis.A variety of examinations,including urinary analysis,blood analysis,kidney nuclear medicine scan,ultrasonog- raphy,intravenous urography(IVU),and CT were used for the early diagnosis of pyonephrosis.Pereutaneous nephrostomy(PCN)drainage was done for the interim management of pyonephrosis,then phase 2 operation was performed in 28 cases.The double-J tube was placed in ureter by ureteroscope for drainage,and then phase 2 operation was done in 2 cases.Emergency operation was done in 10 cases.The remaining 1 case un- derwent ESWL after anti-infective therapy.Results Definite diagnosis of pyonephrosis before operation was made by invasive examinations in 31 cases(75.6%),and by percutaneous drainage in 4 cases;the other 6 cases were detected during operation.Only 6 cases(14.6%)underwent nephrectomy;the other 35 cases (85.4%)underwent kidney-sparing operation.Follow-up of 3 months to 9 years was available in 37 cases. No nephrectomy was needed in 33 cases with spared kidney.Serum creatinine was normal in the 4 cases un- dergoing nephrectomy.Conclusions The key to the treatment of pyonephrosis by kidney-sparing surgery is early diagnosis,timely drainage and relief of obstruction.Ultrasonography plays an important role in the early diagnosis of pyonephrosis,and CT has a high sensibility in the diagnosis.Pereutaneons nephrolithotomy (PCNL)secondary to drainage through pereutaneous nephrostomy was beneficial to the patients with kidney stones or upper ureter stones.