Several epidemic influenza viruses leading to worldwide periodical pandemics all result from the genetic reassortment of different influenza viruses. The novel 2009 A/H1N1 virus is a reassortment virus evolved from swine influenza virus A/H1N1, avian influenza virus H5N1, and human influenza virus A/H1N1. The 8 fragmente genes of the novel A/H1N1 virus had their own evolutionary characteristics. All the pandemic viruses in humans originate from avian influenza viruses and are transferred into humans after reassortment processes in pigs. Pigs as middle host and a mixing vessel of influenza A virus play an important role in the evolution of the 2009 novel A/H1N1 virus. More attention should be paid on the role of swine in the prevention and control of novel H1N1 virus epidemics in future.

BACKGROUND: The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the important component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS). The ACE gene has, in fact,insertion/deletion polymorphism in intron 16, consisting of a 287-base pair Alu repeat sequence. ACE gene heterozygotes insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is correlated with cardiovascular disease and IgA nephropathy and other diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of ACE gene I/D polymor-phism in Chinese Han population in comparison with other known ethnic populations. DESIGN: Observation study on healthy individuals of Han nationality. SETTING: Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province; Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University; Department of aboratory Medicine, College of Medical Technology of Jiangsu University PARTICIPANTS: Totally 241 healthy individuals who received the healthy examination in the First Hospital of Soochow University between December 2005 and January 2006 were recruited in the experiment. They were 152 male and 89 female , with mean age of (27±8)years. All the participants without blood relationship were Han nationality from Suzhou region in China, free from disorder of hepatic, renal, endocrine and cardio- cerebrovascular diseases which were confirmed by clinical and experimen- tal examination. METHODS: Genotype of ACE gene I/D polymorphism allele of 241 healthy individuals of Han nationality was detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR purified products with genotype of deletion/deletion (DD) and insertion/insertion (Ⅱ) polymorphism were performed DNA sequencing with fluorescence-labeled end termination method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Genotype and allele frequency of ACE gene I/D, as well as the comparison between them and those of other ethnic population. RESULTS: All the 241 subjects participated in final result analysis. ① The genotypes of ACE were DD, Ⅱ and ID. Compared with allele Ⅰ, allele D lost 287-base pair Alu repeat sequence. ②The frequencies of genotype Ⅱ, ID and DD were 46.1％, 41.5％ and 12.4％ respectively, with an allelic frequency of 66.8％ for allele Ⅰ and 33.2％ for allele D. ③The distribution of ACE genotype was similar between Japanese and Han nationality crowd, both presenting that type Ⅱ was commonly seen and type DD was the least; ID was mostly found in European and American crowd, but Ⅱ was little found. There was racial diversify of frequency of the distribution of ACE genotype among individuals of Han nationality and Japanese as well as Europeans and Americans. Compared with other nationalities, allele Ⅰ of individuals of Han nationality was significantly higher than that of above nationalities (χ2=105.55,P ＜ 0.01), but allele D was obviously lower (χ2=87.54,P ＜ 0.01). CONCLUSION: ACE gene polymorphism has racial diversify. To know genetic features of ACE gene polymorphism of individuals of different na tionalities is the basis and prerequisite to study the correlation of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with diseases.

Objective To study the feasibility and clinical experience of off-pump multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Sixty-one patients with AMI were treated surgically. The mean age of was (64.7?7.2) years. The last attack angina pectoris unreliable with use of Nitro-Glycerine, and the levels of CK-MB documented (3.5?1.8) times and TnI were (10.9?4.1) times higher than the normal. OPCAB was performed in sixty-one patients and in two patients, converted to cardiopulmonary bypass. All patients were followed up from twelve months to twenty-four months. Results The mean interval between the onset of AMI and the accomplishment of OPCAB was (115.8?15.1) hours ,and the number of distal anastomosis was (3.4?0.7)/pt. The mortality rate was 3.28%. During the period of follow-up, all patients were asymptomatic and the results of echocardiography showed the function of ventricles improved. Conclusion Off-pump technique applying to multivessel coronary artery disease with AMI yielded satisfied clinical outcome. The morbidity and mortality of OPCAB is substantially lower maybe due to avoiding the adverse effects of CPB.

Purpose:To explore the effects of stem cell factor(SCF) in combination with erythropoietin (EPO) on erythropoiesis in patients with anemia associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Methods:Bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (MNC) from NHL patients and normal simples were cultured for 7 consecutives days in the presence or absence of SCF, EPO, and SCF+EPO in liquid medium. Erythropoiesis was analyzed by calculating the fraction of recovered erythroid cells and by flow cytometry. Results:Cultures stimulated with SCF+EPO contained a marked increased fractions of recovered erythroid cells compared to cells cultured in EPO alone in NHL simples (P

Objective To study the protective effect of Acathopanax Senticosus(AS) to the neuron by toxicity of Glu.Methods With hippocampal slice in rats and histography technique,we observed the effect in OPS of ischemic hippocampal slice by Glu between AS group and no AS group,and the changes of ultrastructure in the two groups were also observed.Results In AS group OPS was decreased and disappeared after slice with Glu for 5 min,the recovery rate of OPS was 16.6%,the degree was 41.5%.There was significant difference in the two groups( P

Objective To evaluate the impact of pancreatic duct hanging and continuous suturing maneuver in end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy on the incidence of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD),and to study the feasibility,safety and efficacy.Method 165 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy were randomly selected and the incidences of pancreatic fistula for the different types of pancreaticojejunostomy were analyzed.Results The overall rate of pancreatic fistula was 13.9％ (23/165).The incidences of pancreatic fistula after pancreatic duct hanging and continuous suturing maneuver in end-to-side anastomosis (3.1％,2/65,group C) was significantly lower than the traditional intussusception anastomosis (23.1％,12/52,group A,P＜0.05) and the mucosa mucosa anastomosis (18.8％,9/48,group B).There was no significant difference between the traditional intussusception anastomosis and the mucosa mucosa anastomosis (P＞0.05).In group C,the average operative time,intraoperative blood loss,and postoperative drainage was obviously superior to the A and B group (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the A and B group (P＞0.05).The other complications showed no significant differences among the three groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Pancreatic-duct hanging and continuous suturing maneuver in end-to-side anastomosis significantly reduced the rate of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduedenectomy.It was feasible,safe,convenient to use and should be popularized.

Crossbite of upper and lower second molars is a common malocclusion. It is difficult to treat such cases. 4 kinds of treatments according to different situations are recommended. One is a mutual elastics on the upper and lower teeth. The second method is to move upper and lower teeth by archwire lingually and bucally. The third is to extract the second molars, while the third molars drift automatically. The fourth is using mini-implant as an anchorage to move the teeth to correct position. This article evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of the 4 kinds of methods. We also discussed how to choose the appliances as well as what we should pay attention to treat this malocclusion.

Aim To study the role of TNF-α/NF-κB signaling in matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP)-9 expres-sion induced by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) in airway epithelial cells, and to investigate the effects of lenti-virus mediated RNAi targeting a disintegrin and metal-loproteinase 17 ( ADAM17 ) gene on MMP-9 expression induced by LPS. Methods The ADAM17 siRNA ex-pression vector was constructed, and packaged to re-combinant lentivirus in 293T cells. The HBE4-E6/E7 cells were pretreated for 30 min by NF-κB inhibitor ( PDTC) and a recombinant human TNFR p75-Fc fu-sion protein ( Etanercept) , or infected by the recombi-nant lentivirus for 72 h, and then stimulated for 24 h by LPS or TNF-α. The release of TNF-α was detected by ELISA. The mRNA and protein levels of MMP-9 were analyzed respectively by RT-PCR and Western blot. NF-κB activity was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results LPS and TNF-α signifi-cantly increased MMP-9 mRNA and protein expressions and the activation of NF-κB in HBE4-E6/E7 cells ( P<0. 05 ) . Etanercept and PDTC significantly inhibited MMP-9 expression and the activation of NF-κB induced by LPS ( P<0. 05 ) . Lentivirus mediated RNAi targe-ting ADAM17 significantly decreased TNF-α produc-tion, inhibited MMP-9 mRNA and protein expressions and the activation of NF-κB induced by LPS in HBE4-E6/E7 cells ( P <0. 05 ) . Lentivirus mediated RNAi targeting ADAM17 did not inhibit MMP-9 mRNA and protein expressions and the activation of NF-κB in-duced by TNF-α ( P>0. 05 ) . And PDTC significantly inhibited MMP-9 mRNA and protein expressions and the activation of NF-κB induced by TNF-α ( P <0. 05 ) . Conclusions TNF-α/NF-κB signaling partic-ipates in the regulation of MMP-9 expression induced by LPS in airway epithelial cells, and lentivirus-media-ted RNAi targeting ADAM17 plays an important role in that signaling pathway upstream by regulating TNF-αrelease.

Objective To analyze the therapeutic outcomes and adverse effects of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (hd-IVIg) in the treatment of some severe skin diseases (toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug hypersensitivity syndrome, connective tissue disease, autoimmune bullous disease, acute graft-versus-host disease). Methods Twenty-five cases of severe skin diseases were treated with hd-IVIg (0.4 g/kg/day for a course of 5 days). Results The therapeutic outcomes were different from each other. Of all the cases, 21 improved, especially those of acute onset of toxic epidermal necrolysis and drug hypersensitivity syndrome; 1 adult dermatomyositis and 2 elder bullous pemphigoid were not relieved. A patient with acute graft-versus-host disease died. Three patients presented with minor adverse effects (headache and blood pressure rising). Conclusions hd-IVIg is effective and safe in the treatment of some severe skin diseases. More importantly, it has a substantial effect on shortening disease course and decreasing the dosage of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants as well as on preventing infections.

Objective To observe the influence of sodium citrate concentrations in TISAB on detection of water fluoride,and to explore the feasibility of 0.10 mol/L sodium citrate buffer system in detection of water fluoride.Methods Under pH 5.0 to 5.5,a series of fluoride standards of 0.2,0.5,1.0,2.0 and 5.0 mg/L were measured when sodium citrate concentration was 0.01,0.10,and 1.00 mol/L in the TISAB system.The results of water fluoride measurement were compared,recovery calculated and regression equation of the standard curve was set up.The feasibility of 0.10 mol/L sodium citrate in the TISAB system to detect water fluoride was tested,including interference test,accuracy,confidence limits,as well as precision test.Water fluoride was determined by fluoride ion selective electrode according to the Standard Test Methods for Drinking Water (GB/T 5750.5-2006).Results When the sodium citrate concentrations in the TISAB system were 0.01,0.10 and 1.00 mol/L,and the concentrations of fluoride in the sample were 0.2,0.5,1.0,2.0 and 5.0 mg/L,recoveries of water fluoride were 96.0％,103.0％,179.5％; 80.6％,97.8％,132.2％; 73.3％,97.0％,103.0％; 70.0％,100.0％,87.5％; and 66.4％,102.0％,65.4％.The equation of linear regression was y =lg-1(226.4-E/47.4),y =lg-1(226.4-E/53.4) and y =lg-1(208.1-E/36.9) ; the correlation coefficient(r) were 0.9993,0.9999 and 0.9993.The minimum detectable concentration and limit of quantitation was 0.023 and 0.072 mg/L when sodium citrate was 0.10 mol/L in the TISAB system.Aluminum(Al3+,100 μg),ferrum(Fe3+,800 μg),calcium(Ca2+,1200 μg),Al3+(50 μg) + Fe3+ (800 μg),Al3+(50 μg) + Ca2+(1200 μg) can be masked when sodium citrate was 0.10 mol/L in the TISAB system.The total average recoveries confidence limit R/d was 0.99.The total standard deviation of standard solution,water sample and spiked water sample was less than 5％ of their respective mean concentration.Conclusions High concentration of sodium citrate buffer system has a significant influence on the detection sensitivity and limit of quantification of fluoride ion in water.The capacity of anti-interference of 0.10 mol/L sodium citrate in the TISAB is strong.The confidence limits of precision and accuracy meet the requirements for fluoride determination in a variety of source water and drinking water.