The neurofilament proteins (NFPs) from different neuronal tissues including Alzheimer and Huntington disease gray matter, rat brain gray, white matter and spinal cord were separated biochemically into two major fractions. A systematic investigation on the distribution, expression and phosphorylation of NFPs in those fractions was undertaken in the present study. It was found that only non-phosphorylated NF-H and NF-M, but not NF-L subunit were detected in Alzheimer brain gray matter high speed supernatant, whereas all neurofilament subunits including non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated were measured in high speed pellet fraction of the same tissue. The hyperphosphorylation of NF-H and NF-M in Alzheimer brain was shown by phosphorylation dependent monoclonal antibodies SMI31 and SMI34. This hyperphosphorylation was confirmed by non-phosphorylation dependent antibody SMI32 with dephosphosphorylation of the samples. Furthermore, an increased amount of NF-H, NH-M and NF-L, detected by SMI33 and NR4 respectively, was also observed in Alzheimer samples, in which the elevation in NF-L was significant. A significantly different immunoblot patterns in distribution, expression and phosphorylation were determined in various position of the neural system and alternative fractions. To our best knowledge, this is the first data shown definite abnormality of NFPs in Alzheimer disease. The information obtained in the present study will be extremely valuable in further study of the proteins both in physiological and pathological conditions.