Aims: Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma pathogenic fungi, especially Ganoderma boninense is thriving rapidly in both areas with coastal and inland soils. The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize Ganoderma isolates collected from various locations in Peninsular Malaysia through the comparison of their growth rate in vitroly on conventional and novel palm extract media, and to determine the degree of virulence caused by the isolates in oil palm seedlings. Methodology and results: In this study, 12 Ganoderma isolates were collected from infected oil palm trees, from various locations – Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, and Kelantan, in Malaysia in year 2011. Twelve Ganoderma isolates were identified using molecular method with primer set that targeted at small-subunit 18S rDNA fragment, and characterized by determining the in vitro growth rate, and degree of virulence in 2-month-old oil palm seedlings in the nursery using both disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) as the measurements to quantify the infection. All the Ganoderma isolates were identified as G. boninense and sequences of the respective isolates were deposited in GenBank. In general, all the isolates proliferated faster on oil palm extract medium (OPEM) compared to malt extract agar (MEA). Twelve G. boninense isolates were observed to illustrate different degree of virulence ranging from highly pathogenic to least pathogenic. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Cultures of 12 G. boninense isolates were observed to show faster growth rate (P < 0.014) on OPEM under in vitro conditions compared to conventional MEA medium, except Bt Lintang G10 and GBA G12 isolates. OPEM medium could provide a better alternative for maintaining and culturing Ganoderma strains. In the current study, both DI and DSI were highly correlated. However, there were low linear relationships (R2 < 0.423) between mycelia growth rate (on MEA and OPEM) and degree of virulence (DI and DSI) at 12-, 14- and 16- weeks after treatments among the G. boninense isolates tested. Furthermore, different degrees of virulence in twelve separate Ganoderma isolates were reported. Therefore, it is crucial to incorporate more than one isolate into any researches on screening for Ganoderma resistance or tolerance planting materials, searching for potential biological control agents, and studying bitrophic or tri-trophic interactions. In addition, this study was aimed to isolate G. boninense strains with various virulence levels for future studies.

Aims: This study is to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria for potential industrial enzymes and antimicrobial activities against some human pathogens. Methodology and results: Mentha spicata, a local medicinal plant, was used to source for endophytes. The roots, stems and leaves of M. spicata were surface-sterilized to isolate the endophytic bacteria. The endophytic bacteria were subsequently characterized based on their 16S rRNA sequences. The endophytic bacteria were screened for both antimicrobial and enzymatic activities. We identified 15 isolates of 4 genus-Pseudomonas (7 species), Bacillus (3 species), Enterobacter (1 species) and Comamonas (1 species) with 97-100% similarity level. Isolates MSS-3 (Pseudomonas putida), MSR-4 (Pseudomonas pictorum), MSS-2 (Bacillus thuringiensis) and MSR-5 (Pseudomonas straminea) showed prominent antimicrobial activities against the pathogens tested with zones of inhibition between 6.3 to 15.3 ± 0.6 mm. All species examined have positive cellulase activities except Comamonas guangdongensis and only isolates of the Bacillus genus, Pseudomonas pictorum and P. argentinensis exhibited amylase activities. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Our findings revealed potential therapeutic uses of the bioactive compounds of these bacteria endophytes against pathogens. Their enzymatic potential can also be of use in various industries.
Anti-Infective Agents

A mycoparasite, Scytalidium parasiticum sp. nov., isolated from the basidiomata of Ganoderma boninense causing basal stem rot of oil palm in Johor, Malaysia, is described and illustrated. It is distinct from other Scytalidium species in having smaller asci and ascospores (teleomorphic stage), longer arthroconidia (anamorphic stage), hyaline to yellowish chlamydospores, and producing a fluorescent pigment. The phylogenetic position of S. parasiticum was determined by sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacers and the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene regions. A key to identify Scytalidium species with teleomorphic stage is provided.
Ganoderma* ; Genes, rRNA ; Hyalin ; Malaysia* ; Sequence Analysis