No abstract available.
Glutamine*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on in vitro development of early preimplantation mouse embryos in DMEM medium with glutamine which was controlled by different composition of glucose and pyruvate. METHODS: Four hundred and nineteen mouse 2-cell embryos were cultured in four different media with different composition of glucose and pyruvate for 96 hours. The DMEM-G contained L-glutamine for energy sources was used for control group. Group I embryos were cultured in the medium that mixed one volume of DMEM-GGP contained L-glutamine, D-glucose and sodium pyruvate for energy sources with three volume of DMEM-G, and group II embryos were cultured in the medium that mixed with same volume of DMEM-G and DMEM-GGP, and group III embryos were cultured in DMEM-GGP. RESULTS: At 24 hours, the development into >or=3-cell was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group I (93.3%) than control (84.6%). The development into >or=8-cell was significantly higher in group I (73.1%) than control (44.2%), group II (59.6%) and III (45.8%), and also group II was significantly higher than control and group III. At 48 hours, the development into >or=morula was significantly higher in group I (90.4%) and II (86.5%) than control (73.0%). However, the development into blastocyst, in group III (15.0%) was significantly lower than control, group I and II. At 72 hours, the development into >or=expanded blastocyst was significantly higher in group I (69.2%) than group III (47.7%), and total blastocyst was significantly higher in group I (80.8%) than control (66.3%) and group III (67.3%). At 96 hours, the development into >or=hatching blastocyst was significantly higher in group I (78.8%) than control (61.5%) and group III (57.9%), and also, total blastocyst was significantly higher in group I (85.6%) than control (69.2%) and group III (72.0%). CONCLUSION: The development of early preimplantation mouse embryos cultured in group I medium that mixed one volume of DMEM-GGP with three volume of DMEM-G was better than other groups during the culture period.
Animals ; Blastocyst* ; Embryonic Structures ; Glucose* ; Glutamine* ; Mice* ; Pyruvic Acid* ; Sodium

Rapidly proliferating cancer cells require energy and cellular building blocks for their growth and ability to maintain redox balance. Many studies have focused on understanding how cancer cells adapt their nutrient metabolism to meet the high demand of anabolism required for proliferation and maintaining redox balance. Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in plasma, is a well-known nutrient used by cancer cells to increase proliferation as well as survival under metabolic stress conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glutamine metabolism in cancer cell survival and growth and highlight the mechanisms by which glutamine metabolism affects cancer cell signaling. Furthermore, we summarize the potential therapeutic approaches of targeting glutamine metabolism for the treatment of numerous types of cancer.
Cell Survival ; Glutamine ; Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Plasma ; Stress, Physiological

Oral immunosuppression caused by smoking creates a microenvironment to promote the occurrence and development of oral mucosa precancerous lesions. This study aimed to investigate the role of metabolism and macrophage polarization in cigarette-promoting oral leukoplakia. The effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on macrophage polarization and metabolism were studied in vivo and in vitro. The polarity of macrophages was detected by flow cytometric analysis and qPCR. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to perform a metabolomic analysis of Raw cells stimulated with CSE. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to detect the polarity of macrophages in the condition of glutamine abundance and deficiency. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound-healing assay, and Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)/PI (propidium iodide) double-staining flow cytometry were applied to detect the growth and transferability and apoptosis of Leuk-1 cells in the supernatant of Raw cells which were stimulated with CSE, glutamine abundance and deficiency. Hyperkeratosis and dysplasia of the epithelium were evident in smoking mice. M2 macrophages increased under CSE stimulation in vivo and in vitro. In total, 162 types of metabolites were detected in the CSE group. The metabolites of nicotine, glutamate, arachidic acid, and arginine changed significantly. The significant enrichment pathways were also selected, including nicotine addiction, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The results also showed that the supernatant of Raw cells stimulated by CSE could induce excessive proliferation of Leuk-1 and inhibit apoptosis. Glutamine abundance can facilitate this process. Cigarette smoke promotes oral leukoplakia via regulating glutamine metabolism and macrophage M2 polarization.
Animals ; Glutamine ; Leukoplakia, Oral ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Smoking ; Tumor Microenvironment

Wound is the most fundamental issue of burn injury, and its repair depends not only on effective wound treatment, but also on the good nutritional status of burned patients. Nutrition support is an important means to improve the nutritional status of patients and promote wound healing, and how to make it match the metabolism of burn wounds is a difficult task of nutrition therapy. In this paper, we analyzed the metabolic characteristics of different stages in burn wound healing, focused on the metabolic characteristics of glucose, protein, and glutamine in these stages, and proposed a nutritional strategy that is compatible with wound healing in order to maximize the role of nutrition therapy in wound repair.
Burns/therapy* ; Glutamine ; Humans ; Nutritional Support ; Proteins/metabolism* ; Wound Healing

The α-amino acid ester acyltransferase (SAET) from Sphingobacterium siyangensis is one of the enzymes with the highest catalytic ability for the biosynthesis of l-alanyl-l-glutamine (Ala-Gln) with unprotected l-alanine methylester and l-glutamine. To improve the catalytic performance of SAET, a one-step method was used to rapidly prepare the immobilized cells (SAET@ZIF-8) in the aqueous system. The engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli) expressing SAET was encapsulated into the imidazole framework structure of metal organic zeolite (ZIF-8). Subsequently, the obtained SAET@ZIF-8 was characterized, and the catalytic activity, reusability and storage stability were also investigated. Results showed that the morphology of the prepared SAET@ZIF-8 nanoparticles was basically the same as that of the standard ZIF-8 materials reported in literature, and the introduction of cells did not significantly change the morphology of ZIF-8. After repeated use for 7 times, SAET@ZIF-8 could still retain 67% of the initial catalytic activity. Maintained at room temperature for 4 days, 50% of the original catalytic activity of SAET@ZIF-8 could be retained, indicating that SAET@ZIF-8 has good stability for reuse and storage. When used in the biosynthesis of Ala-Gln, the final concentration of Ala-Gln reached 62.83 mmol/L (13.65 g/L) after 30 min, the yield reached 0.455 g/(L·min), and the conversion rate relative to glutamine was 62.83%. All these results suggested that the preparation of SAET@ZIF-8 is an efficient strategy for the biosynthesis of Ala-Gln.
Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Glutamine ; Zeolites/chemistry* ; Amino Acids

Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) are major components of human saliva. In order to know the biological roles of PRPs, we explored the expression pattern and functional protein structures of PRPs by the immunohistochemical and various molecular biological methods. Polyclonal antibody against human gPRP was generated from rabbit by the injection of oral exfoliated cells specially treated by urea and SDS buffer. The PRPs began to be expressed both in the acinar cells and ductal cells from the EIDS (Early Intermediate Developmental Stage) of fetal salivary glands and became intense in the salivary epithelium in the LDS (Late Developmental Stage) and adult salivary glands. The polyclonal antibody against the gPRP showed the cross-reactivity with aPRP and bPRP, these results were relevant to the high homology among subtypes of PRP. However, the simulated protein structures of PRPs showed the characteristic repetitive whorling domains except the N-terminal signal peptide. The whorling domains were also contained the multiple amino acids of glutamine and glycine, which may provide the receptor binding or cross-linking sites of PRPs.
Acinar Cells ; Adult ; Amino Acids ; Epithelium ; Glutamine ; Glycine ; Humans* ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Saliva ; Salivary Glands* ; Urea

BACKGROUND: Angiogenin, a 14.1-kDa protein isolated from the medium conditioned by HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells, induces the angiogenesis. In contrast to the human angiogenin, thought to have one homologue, the mouse angiogenin is known to have several angiogenin homologues. During we were investigating the target genes, overexpressed by the chimeric PAX3/FKHR transcription factor, new gene closely similar to the mouse angiogenin rather than angiogenin itself was obtained. We report this Ang-vl gene to understand the process of angiogenesis by comparing the mouse angiogenin family genes. METHODS: The representational difference analysis was used to investigate the target genes over expressed by the PAX3/FKHR chimeric transcription factor. The target genes were subcloned into the pBluescriptSK + and sequenced using the 73 and 77 vector itself primers. Analyses of the completed consensus nucleic acid and peptide sequences were performed using the intelligenetics and GCG software packages as well as BLAST algorithms. RESULTS: The Ang-vl gene, including the glutamine that becomes the N-terminal amino acid by the post-translational peptidase reaction and stop codon, was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: We cloned the one member of the mouse angiogenin family genes. From the point of protein chemistry, the mechanism of angiogenin or, for that matter, of any other blood vessel inducing proteins is not yet known. However, the homologues of the angiogenin might interact each other to regulate the angiogenesls. In this regard, the Ang-vl gene provides an opportunity to understand the mechanism of angiogenesis.
Animals ; Blood Vessels ; Chemistry ; Clone Cells ; Codon, Terminator ; Colon ; Consensus ; Glutamine ; Humans ; Mice* ; Transcription Factors*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Electroshock* ; Glutamate Decarboxylase* ; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase* ; Glutamic Acid* ; Glutamine* ; Hippocampus* ; Rats*

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM) and Dulecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) on the blastulation and grade of human oocytes on Vero cells in vitro. A cohort of 79 and 93 oocytes in metaphase II stage were used in TCM 199 and DMEM respectively. No differences were found in the nurser of oocytes showing two-pronuclei between TCM (82.3%) and DMEM (86.0%). The number of fertilized oocytes reaching the blastocyst was not significant in TCM (60.0%) and DMEM (63.1%).4 total of 89 blastocysts were categorized into the four grades (BG1, BG2, BG3 and early) depending on their morphology. The number of embryos achieving the blastocyst grade 1 (BG1) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in DMEM (50.8%) than TCM (15.0%). It is concluded that cultured oocytes in DMEM with glutamine on Vero cells should be significantly increased BG1.
Blastocyst ; Cohort Studies ; Eagles ; Embryonic Structures* ; Glutamine* ; Humans* ; Metaphase ; Oocytes ; Vero Cells*