No abstract available.
Brain Injuries* ; Child* ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Humans

Since Teasdale and Jennet published a method that had been evolved in Glasgow for assessing the so-called "conscious level" in 1974, the method has undergone extensive evaluation, has been adapted widely and has come to be known as the "Glasgow Coma Scale". However some investigators raised a question about interpretation of the scale in argument, particularly in terms of analysis of prognosis. It may be indispensable for clinicians and investigators to come to an agreement in interpretation of each other's investigational result with the same idea about "Glasgow Coma Scale". So the authors now review some of the factors that contributed to the design of the scale, how it has withstood the test of both scientific study and practical usage, and also to set into context its offspring, the "Glasgow Coma Scale".
Coma ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Glasgow Coma Scale* ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Research Personnel

OBJECTIVE: Epidural hematoma of posterior fossa is less common than epidural hematoma of supratentorial area, and there are not many articles about epidural hematoma of posterior fossa. This study investigated patients who underwent surgery of epidural hematoma of posterior fossa, and the relation between the clinical manifestation and postoperative outcome. METHODS: A retrospective analysis performed of 27 patients who underwent operation for acute traumatic epidural hematoma of posterior fossa from January 2004 to December 2011. Analyzed factors were gender, age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) measured upon presentation to the hospital, preoperative GCS score, cause of trauma, time elapsed from the accident to the presentation to the hospital, time elapsed from the presentation to the hospital to the surgery, radiographic findings (brain CT findings), and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). RESULTS: Two patients (7.4%) had GCS score on admission of 3-8, 11 (29.6%) had 9-12, and 17 (66.7%) had 13-15. In 1 (3.7%) patient, GCS score changed from 13 to 10, and preoperative GCS score was significantly correlated with GOS score (p<0.05). Mean thickness of hematoma was 19.3+/-7.5 mm, and was significantly correlated with GOS score (p<0.05). GOS score was 4-5 in 24 patients (88.9%), 3 (severe disability) in 1 patient (3.7%), and 1 (death) in 2 patients (7.4%). CONCLUSION: In the patients underwent surgery for epidural hematoma of posterior fossa, 88.9% had favorable outcome (in GOS score of 4 or more). Preoperative GCS score and thickness of hematoma on brain computed tomography are important determinants of prognosis.
Brain ; Cranial Fossa, Posterior ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage (SCH) is less common than supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. This study investigated the treatment of SCH and the relation between its clinical and radiological manifestation and outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We presented a SCH management protocol in our institute and analyzed the clinical and radiological findings in 41 SCH patients. The outcomes of each method (surgery and conservative treatment) were compared among patients with initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 9-13 and hematoma volume greater than 10 mL. RESULTS: Two (4.9%), 16 (39%), and 23 (56.1%) patients had an initial GCS score of 3-8, with 3-8, 9-13, and 14-15, respectively. Initial GCS score showed significant correlation with Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score (p = 0.005). The mean largest hematoma diameter was 3.2 +/- 1.5 cm, and the mean volume was 11.0 +/- 11.5 mL. Both of them showed significant inverse correlation with GOS score (p < 0.001). Among patients with an initial GCS score of 9-13 and hematoma volumes greater than 10 mL, 3 (50%) had good outcome and 3 (50%) had poor outcome in the surgical, and all of those in the conservative treatment group had poor outcomes. The outcome distribution differed significantly in the surgical and conservative groups (p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: Initial GCS score and largest hematoma diameter and volume on brain computed tomography are important determinants of outcome in SCH patients. The surgery group showed better outcome than the conservative treatment group among those with an intermediate neurological status and large hematomas.
Brain ; Cerebellum ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage (SCH) is less common than supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. This study investigated the treatment of SCH and the relation between its clinical and radiological manifestation and outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We presented a SCH management protocol in our institute and analyzed the clinical and radiological findings in 41 SCH patients. The outcomes of each method (surgery and conservative treatment) were compared among patients with initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 9-13 and hematoma volume greater than 10 mL. RESULTS: Two (4.9%), 16 (39%), and 23 (56.1%) patients had an initial GCS score of 3-8, with 3-8, 9-13, and 14-15, respectively. Initial GCS score showed significant correlation with Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score (p = 0.005). The mean largest hematoma diameter was 3.2 +/- 1.5 cm, and the mean volume was 11.0 +/- 11.5 mL. Both of them showed significant inverse correlation with GOS score (p < 0.001). Among patients with an initial GCS score of 9-13 and hematoma volumes greater than 10 mL, 3 (50%) had good outcome and 3 (50%) had poor outcome in the surgical, and all of those in the conservative treatment group had poor outcomes. The outcome distribution differed significantly in the surgical and conservative groups (p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: Initial GCS score and largest hematoma diameter and volume on brain computed tomography are important determinants of outcome in SCH patients. The surgery group showed better outcome than the conservative treatment group among those with an intermediate neurological status and large hematomas.
Brain ; Cerebellum ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: Acute cerebral infarction is often accompanied by transtentorial herniation which can be fatal. The aim of this study is to determine the timing of surgical intervention and prognostic factors in patients who present with acute cerebral infarction. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively 23 patients with acute cerebral infarction, who received decompressive craniectomy or conservative treatment from January 2002 to December 2004. We divided patients into two groups according to the treatment modalities (Group 1: conservative treatment, Group 2: decompressive craniectomy). In all patients, the outcome was quantified with Glasgow Outcome Scale and Barthel Index. RESULTS: Of the 23 patients, 11 underwent decompressive craniectomy. With decompressive craniectomy at the time of loss of pupillary light reflex, we were able to prevent death secondary to severe brain edema in all cases. Preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale and loss of pupillary light reflex were significant to the clinical outcome statistically. With conservative treatment, 9 of the 12 patients died secondary to transtentorial herniation. The clinical outcomes of remaining 3 patients were poor. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the value of life-saving procedure of decompressive craniectomy after acute cerebral infarction. We propose that the loss of pupillary light reflex should be considered one of the most important factors to determine the timing of the decompressive craniectomy.
Brain Edema ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Decompressive Craniectomy* ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Humans ; Reflex ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To determine the advantages of parietal approach compared to Kocher's point approach for spontaneous, oval-shaped intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with expansion to the parietal region. METHODS: We divided patients into two groups : group A had burr holes in the parietal bone and group B had burr holes at Kocher's point. The hematoma volume, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, and modified Barthel Index (mBI) score were calculated. At discharge, we evaluated the patients' Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, motor grade, and hospitalization duration. We evaluated the patients' mBI scores and motor grades at 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: The hematoma volume in group A was significantly less than that in group B on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21. Group A had significantly higher GCS scores than did group B on postoperative days 1 and 3. Group A had higher mBI scores postoperatively than did group B, but the scores were not significantly different. No differences were observed for the GOS score, mRS score, motor grade at discharge, or duration of hospitalization. The mBI score of group A at 6 months after surgery was significantly higher, and more patients in group A showed muscle strength improvement. CONCLUSION: In oval-shaped ICH with expansion to the parietal region, the parietal approach is considered to improve the clinical symptoms at the acute phase by removing the hematoma more effectively in the early stages. The parietal approach might help promote the long-term recovery of motor power.
Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hematoma* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Muscle Strength ; Parietal Bone ; Rabeprazole*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility and validity of using a pupillometer to assess patients with acute brain lesions. METHODS: Pupillary examinations using an automated pupillometer (NeurOptics(R)NPi(TM)-100 Pupillometer) were performed every 4 hours and were simultaneously assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and for intracranial pressure (ICP), from admission to discharge or expire in neuro-intensive care unit (NICU). Manual pupillary examinations were also recorded for comparison. By comparing these data, we evaluated the validity of using automated pupillometers to predict clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The mean values of the Neurologic Pupillary index (NPi) were different in the groups examined manually. The GCS correlated well with NPi values, especially in severe brain injury patients (GCS below 9). However, the NPi values were weakly correlated with intracranial pressure (ICP) when the ICP was lower than 30 cm H2O. The NPi value was not affected by age or intensity of illumination. In patients with a "poor" prognosis who had a Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) of 1 or 2, the mean initial NPi score was 0.88+/-1.68, whereas the value was 3.89+/-0.97 in patients with a "favorable" prognosis who had a GOS greater than 2 (p<0.001). For predicting clinical outcomes, the initial NPi value of 3.4 had the highest sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: An automated pupillometer can serve as a simple and useful tool for the accurate measurement of pupillary reactivity in patients with acute brain lesions.
Brain Injuries ; Brain* ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Humans ; Intracranial Pressure ; Lighting ; Prognosis ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: Management guidelines for single intracranial hematomas have been established, but the optimal management of multiple hematomas has little known. We present bilateral traumatic supratentorial hematomas that each has enough volume to be evacuated and discuss how to operate effectively it in a single anesthesia. METHODS: In total, 203 patients underwent evacuation and/or decompressive craniectomies for acute intracranial hematomas over 5 years. Among them, only eight cases (3.9%) underwent operations for bilateral intracranial hematomas in a single session. Injury mechanism, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, types of intracranial lesions, surgical methods, and Glasgow outcome scale were evaluated. RESULTS: The most common injury mechanism was a fall (four cases). The types of intracranial lesions were epidural hematoma (EDH)/intracerebral hematoma (ICH) in five, EDH/EDH in one, EDH/subdural hematoma (SDH) in one, and ICH/SDH in one. All cases except one had an EDH. The EDH was addressed first in all cases. Then, the evacuation of the ICH was performed through a small craniotomy or burr hole. All patients except one survived. CONCLUSION: Bilateral intracranial hematomas that should be removed in a single-session operation are rare. Epidural hematomas almost always occur in these cases and should be removed first to prevent the hematoma from growing during the surgery. Then, the other hematoma, contralateral to the EDH, can be evacuated with a small craniotomy.
Anesthesia ; Craniotomy ; Decompressive Craniectomy ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hematoma* ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages

OBJECTIVE: Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) with good initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 13-15 is generally regarded as a mild head injury. However, the risk increases when significant amount of hematoma with midline shift exists. This study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with good neurological scores in spite of significant amounts of ASDH, and to compare the outcomes according to the treatment modalities. METHODS: Sixty patients with initial GCS score 13-15 in spite of significant amounts of ASDH and midline shifts were enrolled. They were divided into groups according to age, sex, side of location, initial GCS score, midline shift, and hematoma thickness. According to the therapeutic modalities, early craniotomy and initially conserved groups were identified, and initially conserved group was further classified into persistently conserved and delayed operation groups. The outcomes were measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS: Initial GCS score was a significant factor that influenced the final outcome (p=0.001). The outcomes were good in both early craniotomy and initially conserved groups without significant differences (p=0.268). Fifteen of initially conserved 49 patients underwent delayed operations from neurological deteriorations, but the outcomes were good without significant differences from persistently conserved group (p=0.481). CONCLUSION: Initial GCS score is an important factor that influences the clinical outcome. These patients can be conserved under close observations without early preventive craniotomies if no deteriorations are seen in the acute stage. Only those with delayed deteriorations may require simple operations such as burr hole trephinations which still guarantee good outcomes.
Craniocerebral Trauma ; Craniotomy ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Acute ; Humans