Geography ; Morbidity

This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the KAP of HIV/AIDS control among medical staffs working at many departments of health centers in Daklak provice in the year 2002. The results showed that almost medical staffs have good KAP when expose with infection. The authors also give some recommendations
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Geography

Depending on the mode of nutrition exploitation, major fungal guilds are distinguished as ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. It is generally known that diverse environmental factors influence fungal communities; however, it is unclear how fungal communities respond differently to environment factors depend on fungal guilds. In this study, we investigated basidiomycetes communities associated with Quercus mongolica using 454 pyrosequencing. We attempted to detect guild pattern (ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic fungal communities) by comparing the influence of geography and source (root and surrounding soil). A total of 515 mOTUs were detected from root (321) and soil (394) of Q. mongolica at three sites of Mt. Jeombong in Inje County. We found that patterns of diversity and community structure were different depending on the guilds. In terms of alpha diversity, only ectomycorrhizal fungi showed significant differences between sources. In terms of community structure, however, geography significantly influenced the ectomycorrhizal community, while source appeared to have a greater influence on the saprotrophic community. Therefore, a guild-based view will help to elucidates novel features of the relationship between environmental factors and fungal communities.
Basidiomycota* ; Fungi ; Geography ; Quercus* ; Republic of Korea* ; Soil

This paper established the identification technology of the main root origin of three-year-old spring Panax notoginseng aiming at providing theoretical basis for the protection and traceability of geographical indication products of P. notoginseng. Forty-four samples of three-year-old spring P. notoginseng from Guangxi Baise, Yunnan Wenshan, Yunnan new cultivating regions. The stable isotopic ratios of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen were determined by elemental analysis and stable isotope mass spectrometer. Combined with Duncan multiple comparative analysis, fisher discriminant analysis and sequential discriminant analysis, a origin discriminant model for the main root of three-year-old spring P. notoginseng was established for 3 production areas of P. notoginseng. The geographical climate and environment of three production areas of P. notoginseng are obviously different. From Guangxi Baise-Yunnan Wenshan-Yunnan new cultivating regions, the longitude, average annual temperature and annual precipitation gradually decrease, and the elevation and latitude are increasing. The results of multiple comparative analysis showed that there were significant or very signi-ficant differences in the δ~(13)C,δ~(15)N,δ~2H,δ~(18)O of the main roots of P. notoginseng in three regions. The results of fisher's discriminant analysis and sequential discriminant analysis showed that the correct discriminant rates of the main roots of P. notoginseng for three regions were 80.05%,76.47% and 90.91%, respectively, based on four stable isotope ratios, with an average of 84.09%. Using stable isotope fingerprint and chemometrics method, we can distinguish the origin of the main raw materials and products of P. notoginseng.
China ; Geography ; Isotopes ; Panax notoginseng ; Seasons

PURPOSE: Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing, multi-system vasculitis of unknown aetiology with complicated and diversified clinical features predominantly involving oral and genital ulcers, and ocular and cutaneous lesions. The clinical features of this disease have been described to be different according to geographical areas and gender. We investigated the specific clinical features of BD patients in Northeastern China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 116 patients involved in this study fulfilled the classification criteria of the International Study Group for BD. The clinical manifestations and results of laboratory tests of BD were recorded in each patient. RESULTS: The onset was typically between 20-39 years with a slight female predominance. Oral ulcers were the most common manifestation, followed by skin lesions, positive pathergy reaction/genital ulcers, and ocular lesions. Vascular lesion and epididymitis were rare in patients with BD. The frequency of erythema nodosum-like lesion and articular involvement were significantly higher in females, while gastrointestinal involvement was significantly higher in males. The results of laboratory tests showed that the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*51 alleles were positive in 30.9% of patients and the immunological abnormities were present in some patients. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of BD showed geographical and gender difference. Genetic and immune factors might participate in aetiopathogenesis of BD.
Behcet Syndrome/*diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology ; China ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVETo study the germination property of the seeds of Achyranthes bidentata from different producing area, providing foundation for choosing the better seed resources.

METHODThe germination rate, germination energy, germination index, vigor and the characteristics of the seeds of A. bidentata from different producing area were compared, and the relative electric conductivity was measured. The characteristics of the seed were recorded through the Anymicro DSS YT-5M microscope digital camera, and the differences were analyzed.

RESULTSeed from Henan Boai and Hebei Anguo showed the better germination rate, germination energy, germination index and vigor.

CONCLUSIONThe seeds from both Henan Boai and Hebei Anguo showed the better quality.

Achyranthes ; metabolism ; physiology ; China ; Geography ; Germination ; physiology ; Seeds ; metabolism ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo establish a chromatographic fingerprint of Lonicera japonica and apply it to identify geo-authentic of L. japonica.

METHODThe HPLC was applied in chromatographic separation and data were analysed by "computed aided similarity evaluation" software.

RESULTThere exited distinct difference of chemical components group between and non-authentic samples.

CONCLUSIONThe established HPLC fingerprint can be used for the identification of geo-authentic of L. japonica.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Geography ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; classification

OBJECTIVETo draw a chorochromatic atlas of mortality on China Cancer Database in order to display the geographical distribution of selected diseases in China and to identify its demographic and disease-specific patterns in the 1990's.

METHODSThe source of data was from nationwide cause-of-death surveys conducted in the 1990's. Standardized rates were computed by direct method using the population age distribution in 1964 as the standard of weights. Inverse distance weight (IDW) was applied as the method of interpolation with the help of Arcview system to draw a choropleth map of cancer mortality.

RESULTSThe IDW maps of cancer mortality shows a continuous and smooth variation, especially compared with maps drawn by filling method.

CONCLUSIONWith the application of inverse distance weight interpolation, it seemed feasible to draw continuous map of cancer on sampling data.

Cause of Death ; China ; epidemiology ; Databases, Factual ; Geography ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; mortality

In order to study the spectral reflectance differences of Glycyrrhizae Radix under different growth conditions and lay the foundation for quantitative monitoring of Glycyrrhizae Radix remote sensing images, spectra of Glycyrrhiza species under different growth period and different varieties and different regions were measured by a portable spectrometer. The results showed that the reflectivity of annual G. uralensis was obviously higher than that of the two years plant in the visible light band own to the contents of crown layer chlorophyll. The reflectivity of two years G. pallidiflora was higher than that of G. uralensis in the near infrared band own to the leaf area index and the content of leaf water. The red edge spectrum of annual plant fluctuated largely than that of two years plant due to vegetation coverage and leaf area index. G. pallidiflora grew well than G. uralensis. Under different regions of the Glycyrrhiza species, spectral data analysis showed that within a certain range, the average annual precipitation and average annual evaporation were the major factors to affect the differences of Glycyrrhiza species spectral data under different regions owe to the leaf water content, the higher leaf water content, the lower spectral reflectance. The principal component analysis and continuum-removed method of the spectral data under different regions found that, within a certain range, the average annual precipitation and average annual evaporation were the major factors caused by the differences of Glycyrrhiza species spectral data under the different regions, Glycyrrhiza species spectral similarity related to the spatial distance.
Geography ; Glycyrrhiza ; chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Spectrum Analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the genetic diversity among populations of Oncomelania hupensis.

METHODSAmplified fragment length polymorphism method was used to amplify the genomic DNA pools of twenty five snail populations from ten provinces, and the genetic diversities among these snail populations were analyzed.

RESULTSThe coefficient rates of similarity (GS(DICE)) among twenty five snail populations were ranged was from 0.694 to 0.831 while Nei's unbiased genetic identity was from 0.635 to 0.799. Genetic distance D from 0.169 to 0.306, and Nei's unbiased genetic distance from 0.225 to 0.452. Genetic variation among smooth-shell snail populations was higher than that of ribbed shell snail populations. Twenty five snail populations were divided into three groups: group A including smooth-shell snail from Fuqing of Fujian province and Yizhou of Guangxi province while group B consisted of smooth-shell snail from Dali of Yunnan province and Xichang, Puge, Danleng, Pujiang, Guanghan of Sichuan. Group C was composed of other seventeen snail populations from the Yangtze River drainage below the Three Gorges.

CONCLUSIONBig genetic variation was found among these populations of Oncomelania hupensis. The clustering result of snail populations in genomic level was consistent basically with geographical distribution.

Animals ; China ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Schistosomiasis ; Snails ; genetics