Objective To observe the effects of urine on TGF-?1 and Smad3 expression in cultured human urethral fibroblasts and explore the mechanism of urethral scar fibrosis.Methods The human urethral fibroblasts were cultured and stimulated by urine or 350 ?mol/L uric acid.The mRNA and protein expression of TGF-?1 and Smad3 were measured by PT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining,respectively.Collagen Ⅰlevels in the supernatants in different groups were detected by ELISA.Results TGF-?1 and Smad3 were detected in human urethral fibroblasts by immunofluorescent staining.After being presented with urine or uric acid at physiological concentration,both TGF-?1 and Smad3 in human urethral fibroblasts were increased significantly at both the protein and mRNA levels(P

Objective To study the relationship between IP 3 and detrusor cell contraction mediated by M 3R. Methods [3H]-IP contents of human cultured detrusor cells were detected after stimulated by carbachol,atropine,methoctramine and 4-DAMP respectively. Results [3H]-IP contents increased with carbachol concentration.On the different concentrations (10 -9、10 -8、10 -7、10 -6、10 -5、10 -4 mmol/L )of 4-DAMP,[3H]-IP contents were 3 926.57?273.29、2 780.52?211.09、2436.84?153.62、1 973.22?164.71、1 372.38?141.35 and 1 107.98?920.45 cpm respectively.On the some concertrations of Atropine,[3H]-IP contents were 3 602.69?280.17,2 891.31?207.45,1 983.97?145.74,1 269.57? 105.31,1 106.37?75.23,927.50?77.36/min,respectively.On the same concentrations of methoctramine, the [3H]-IP contents was 4 462.74?360.69、3 938.61?327.13、3 315.45?270.36、3 063.19? 246.79、2927.37?226.45 and 2 836.55?241.63 cpm.This donoted that 4-DAMP and atropine signficantly inhibited the effect of carbachol on PI decomposition(P0.05). Conclusions M 3R is much related to IP 3.

Objective To explore the relationship between pain of prostatitis and activation of glia cells in spinal cord. Methods To investigate the activation of astroglia cells and microglia cells in spinal cord after irritation of the prostate of the rats with complete Freund′s adjuvant (CFA) at different time using immunohistochemical staining. Results Activation of astroglia cells and microglia cells were significantly increased in deeper laminae and superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of L_6-S_1 spinal cord on the third day, tenth day and twenty-eighth day after CFA irritation of the prostate, and the most obvious activation occurred on the tenth day. Conclusions Activation of glia cells in spinal cord may play an important role in the neuropathological process of the pain of prostatic inflammation. The molecular mechanisms should be further explored.

Objective To investigate the role of Ca 2+ signaling in the overexpression of detrusor smooth muscle cell connexin 43 by cyclic stretch in vitro. Methods The detrusor smooth muscle cells (DSMC) grown on collagen-coated silicone membranes were subjected to cyclic stretch-relaxation. The Cx43 mRNA in DSMC were detected with RT-PCR, and the concentration of intracellular free Ca 2+ in DSMC was measured by confocal microscopy in conjunction with the calcium indicator, Fura-3 (Molecular Probes). Results The overexpression of Cx43 mRNA induced by cyclic stretch was significantly inhibited by EGTA.The increase of intracellular free Ca 2+ induced by stretch was also inhibited completely by EGTA, 61.95% by GdCl3, 29.98% by Nifedipine, 87.98% by Ryanodine and Thapsigargin. Conclusion The stretch-induced Ca 2+ entry, via the Ca 2+-induced Ca 2+ release mechanism, may play an important role in DSMC connexin 43 overexpression induced by cyclic stretch.

Objective To study the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 in human urinary tract epithelium. Methods The epithelial cells of nephric tubule, pelvis, ureter and bladder were cultured in vitro, and their mRNA expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 were measured by RT-PCR. Results The mRNA expression of TLR2 in nephric tubule, pelvis, ureter and bladder was 0.326, 0.589, 0.602 and 0.735, and that of TLR4 was 0.223, 0.327, 0.379, 0.365, respectively. The mean TLR2 mRNA copy was significantly higher than TLR4 in each tissue (P

To study the relationship between the density of muscarinic receptor (MR) subtype and the occurrence of bladder instability. The rat model of unstable bladder was established, and the density of MR subtype was determined in normal and unstable bladders. The results showed that there were only m 2 RNA and m 3 RNA present in the detrusor of normal and unstable bladders, and m 1, m 2 or m 3 mRNA subtypes were not detected. In the normal bladder, the amount of m 2 RNA (1 67?0 42) was obviously greater than m 3 RNA (0 64?0 19), and the ratio of them was 2 59∶1. In the unstable bladder, the density of both m 2 and m 3 increased to (2 03?0 65) and (1 53?0 46) respectively, and the increase of m 3 was more significant ( P

ObjectiveTo clarify the effect of medical students' non-intelligence factors on their academic records.MethodsTotally 104 medical students' non-intelligence factors and surgical academic records were collected and relationship between them was studied.Results① There were significant differences in academic records between students with different non-intelligence levels( F =4.21,P＜0.05 );better academic records were achieved in those with higher non-intelligence level than in those with good and poor non-intelligence level ( P ＜ 0.05 ).② There were significant differences in post clinical internship academic records between students with different non-intelligence levels ( F =8.65,P ＜0.01 ),better academic records were achieved in those with higher and good non-intelligence level( P ＜0.01,P ＜ 0.05 ).③ Medical students with higher and good non-intelligence level got obvious improvements in academic records after clinical internship,while students with medium non-intelligence level showed no difference ( P ＞ 0.05).ConclusionsMedical students' non-intelligence factors have obvious effect on their academic records.Keeping students' non-intelligence factors properly could improve their academic records.

Objective To look for the neurological evidence of the referred pain of the chronic prostatitis and the relationship between the pain of the chronic prostatitis, bladder, and pelvic floor. Methods The distribution of plasma extravasation was determined with Evans blue dye after irritation of the prostate and bladder of the SD rat with capsaisin, and the distribution of dye extravasation was analyzed. Substance P expression within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was determined by hybridization in situ after irritation of the prostate, bladder and superficial somatic region of the pelvic floor with formalin. Results Pain irritation of the prostate resulted in plasma extravasation in L_5 to S_2 dermatomes (mainly in L_6 to S_1). In rats receiving bladder irritation, the distribution of plasma extravasation showed a similar pattern to that observed in rats receiving prostatic irritation. Irritation of the prostate, bladder and pelvic floor resulted in similar substance P expression within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (L_6 to S_1). Conclusions Our results strongly suggest that referred pain status in inflammation of the bladder and prostate is neurogenically mediated. There are significant overlaps of nociceptive neurons within the spinal cord, which receive nociceptive inputs from the prostate, bladder and pelvic floor. Pathological changes in the prostate, bladder and pelvic floor can result in similar pain sensations.

To reflect specialty teaching characteristics and levels in clinical standardized training of medical professional degree postgraduates and highlight the thinking of evidence-based medicine culture,in urology rotation training practice,we conducted clinical pathway teaching according to picot principle (PICOT-CP teaching).According to the requirements of the teaching syllabus,the six kinds of major diseases were brought into PICOT-CP teaching.After the screening of pre teacher training,teaching tools and teaching cases,and based on the form of PICOT-CP,we standardized the implementation of clinical teaching of Urology,fully used subject website platform to discuss the interaction between teachers and students,and assessed the effect in combination with the departmental rotation examination and the teaching questionnaire survey of the students and the training teachers.Preliminary practice shows that PICOT-CP teaching helps to stimulate students' interest in learning,improve their overall quality,expand their clinical thinking,and establish their concept of evidence-based medicine.In addition,PICOT-CP teaching is beneficial to the teaching norms of teachers' teaching and can improve teaching level.

Objective To explore the expression of neuron specific enolase(NSE)and neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS)in the interstitial cells of Cajal(ICCs)in vitro from guinea pigs.Methods The ICCs of bladder were primary cultured from guinea pigs by collagenase digestion.The control group was smooth muscle cell(SMC)of bladder primary cultured from guinea pigs.The expression of c-kit and smooth muscle actin(SMA)were detected by immumofluorescence.RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA level and protein content of NSE and nNOS at 1,3 and 5 d after primary culture.Results The expression of c-kit was positive in the ICCs of bladder but negative in the control group,while the expression of SMA was negative in the ICCs of bladder but positive in the control group.Both NSE and nNOS of the ICCs of bladder were high in the mRNA and protein content,but were negative in the control group.Conclusion NSE and nNOS were expressed stably in the ICCs of bladder in vitro,indicating that the ICCs of bladder may be involved in the regulation of bladder function.