ObjectiveTo study the expression of C3d in bullous pemphigoid lesions and its clinical significance.MethodsThe immunohistochemical SP method was used to detect the expression of C3d,IgG and IgA in tissue specimens from the lesions of 25 patients with bullous pemphigoid,10 patients with epidermolysis bullosa and normal skin of 10 human controls.The expression rates of these proteins were compared.Results The expression rates of C3d,IgG and IgA were 96％,72.0％ and 0 respectively in bullous pemphigoid tissue.Significant differences were found in the expression rates between C3d and IgG (x2 =4.17,P ＜ 0.05),as well as between C3d and IgA(x2 =22.04,P ＜ 0.01 ),in bullous pemphigoid tissue.No expression of C3d,IgG or IgA was observed in epidermolysis bullosa lesions or the control skin.ConslusionThe detection of C3d with immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissue sections may facilitate the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic and progressive occlusive cerebrovascular disease.Presently,its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear,of which the genetic factors play a key role in the etiology of MMD.This article reviews the progress in research on genetics of MMD.

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a pattern of neoplasm cells,which achieve their blood supplements through deformation and simulating capillary channels.Cumulative studies show that the formation of VM in glioma have a close relation with the glioma stem cells.In addition,some molecules such as microRNA,epithelial cell kinase-A2,vascular endothelial cadherin,transforming growth factor-Jβ,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and galectin-1 play important roles in the forming process of vasculogenic mimicry.Recently,it is found that VM is associated with the poor prognosis of patients with glioma and anti angiogenesis drug efficacy.So the research on VM about the discovery,formation mechanism,prognostic impact and the clinical significance will provide an opportunity for diagnosis and therapy of glioma in early stage.

BACKGROUND:Endothelial progenitor cells can be used to repair vascular injuries and predict severity of early vascular injuries. These biological characteristics have been recommended to the research of aneurysm, which provide new ideas for studying the occurrence, expansion and early staging diagnosis of aneurysm.
OBJECTIVE:To elaborate the effects of endothelial progenitor cells on the aneurysm in the clinical trials based on the biological characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells, including proliferation, migration, adherence and senescence.
METHODS:A computer-based search of Wanfang, CNKI, Springer, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Ovid was performed using the keywords of“endothelial progenitor cells, precursor cell, aneurysm, stem cel”. Irrelevant and repetitive articles were excluded, and the result analysis was conducted.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Aneurysms patients display decreased endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral circulating blood accompanied by functional impairment. After aneurysm-related treatment, the number of endothelial progenitor cells can increase. Application of endothelial progenitor cells can early predict occurrence, development, and rupture of aneurysms, which is also a therapeutic method to prevent aneurysms. How endothelial progenitor cells are used clinical y to prevent occurrence and development of aneurysms is a serious problem to be solved.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is highly conserved in evolution,which involves in the regulation of a variety of biological processes such as embryonic growth,development,energy metabolism and stem cells maintenance.Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has a closely relationship with tumorigenesis.Investigating the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in glioma cell proliferation,invasion,apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis will provide novel therapeutic targets and intervening measures for glioma treatment.

BACKGROUND: At present, there is no ideal way to treat auditory injury, and acupuncture would become an effective method to prevent and cure drug auditory injury.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupuncture at Yifeng, Ermen and Zhongzhu acupoints on improving histopathologic form of basilar membrane of guinea pig with drug poisoning auditory injury.DESIGN: Completely randomized design on the basis of experiment al animals.SETTING: Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS: A total of 45 white male guinea pigs with normal Preyer's reflex were selected in this study. Guinea pigs were 3-4 months old, of general grade and weighted from 250 g to 300 g. All guinea pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal group, model group, Yifeng group, Ermen group and Zhongzhu group with 9 in each group.METHODS: The experiment was completed at the Laboratory of College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Affiliated to Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April to July 2002. ① Normal group: Guinea pigs were fed with normal feed. Other four groups: Guinea pigs were injected into muscle with 80 mg/kg gentamycin for 20 days, and guinea pigs in Yifeng group, Ermen group and Zhongzhu group were acupunctured at corresponding acupoints at the same time. Before acupuncture, guinea pigs were fixed and rapidly acupunctured into subcutaneous tissue with stainless steel needle sized 0.35 mm × 25 mm. The needle was inserted about 10 mm. According to uniform reinforcing-reducing method, the needle was thrusted once every 10 minutes with each for 30 seconds and retained for 30 minutes. The course was 20 days. ② Basilar membrane of guinea pigs was established. Amount of hair cell was calculated under optic microscope (×200) to record deletion amount of hair cell and observe activity of succinic dehydrogenase; meanwhile, ultrastructure of hair cells was observed with transmission electron microscope (×5 000). Measurement data were compared with t test among groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Activities of succinic dehydrogenase of hair cell in stretched preparation and changes of ultrastructure of hair cell in cochlea of guinea pigs.RESULTS: All 45 guinea pigs were revolved in the final analysis. ① Comparing activities of succinic dehydrogenase: Activity in normal group was great, and structures of inter and outer hair cells were normal. Activity in mode group was reduced gradually till disappeared. Outer hair cell at base was damaged severely, and there was significant difference from that in normal group (P ＜ 0.01). Activity of succinic dehydrogenase in Yifeng group was changed a little as compared with that in normal group, and difference was not obviously (P ＞ 0.05). Activity of succinic dehydrogenase in Ermen group was decreased, and hair cell showed a little swelling and deletion. Activity of succinic dehydrogenase in Zhongzhu group was decreased remarkably, and outer hair cell at base was damaged severely.There was significant difference between Ermen group and Zhongzhu group as compared with that in normal group (P ＜ 0.01). ② Deletion amount of outer hair cells in basilar membrane of guinea pigs: Amounts in Yifeng group, Ermen group and normal group were less than those in model group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01), but those in Zhongzhu group were similar to those in model group. ③ Ultrastructure: Structure of hair cell of cochlea was normal in normal group, pathological changes were observed on hair cells in model group, and pathological changes in acupuncture groups were milder than those in model group. Pathological changes of outer hair cells were mild in Yifeng group, structure of hair cells was changed a little in Ermen group,pathological changes in Zhongzhu group were severe, but its degree was milder than that in model group.CONCLUSION: Acupuncture can improve and maintain the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, relieve or resist toxic effect of gentamycin, especially at Yifeng, then at Ermen and Zhongzhu.

Objective To explore the role of high-risk human papillomavirus(Hr-HPV) DNA testing in the detection of cervical intraepithelial lesions(CIN) Ⅱ and Ⅲ,or cervical cancers for patients with abnormal cervical cytology.Methods A total of 2197 patients with abnormal cervical liquid-based cytology,who had received Hr-HPV detection and colposcopy,were enrolled into this study.The data were analyzed using ?2-test and Logistic regression.Among the patients,1013(46.5%) had atypical squamous cells undetermined significance(ASC-US),89(4.1%) had atypical squamous cell which cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(ASC-H),757(34.7%) low squamous intraepithelial lesion(LSIL),253(11.6%) high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL),and 67(3.1%) atypical gland cells(AGC).Results Pathological examination showed CINⅡ in 224 patients(10.3%),CIN Ⅲ in 140(6.4%),cervical cancer in 27(1.2%),and adenocarcinoma in 9(0.4%).The other patients(1779/2179,81.6%) had CINⅠ,condyloma,or chronic cervicitis.The detection rate of CIN Ⅱ and Ⅲ,and cervical cancer was increased in the patients with Hr-HPV.The differences in the rate among ASC-US,ASC-H,LSIL,and HSIL patients were significant.The incidence rate of CINⅡ and Ⅲ,or cervical cancer was 2.2%(13/588),9.7%(21/216),24.9%(97/389),29.8%(182/611),and 23.2%(87/375) for the patients with a Hr-HPV load of 0-0.9,1.0-9.9,10.0-99.9,100.0-999.9,and ≥1000.0.Logistic regression showed that the risk of CINⅡ and Ⅲ,and cervical cancer increased by 1.325 folds with the log of the HPV load.Conclusions Hr-HPV DNA test is helpful for the detection of CIN Ⅱ and Ⅲ or cervical cancer in patients with abnormal cervical cytology.

Objective To investigate the prognosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅱ and Ⅲ after being treated by microwave coagulation, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and cold knife conization. Methods From March 2000 to February 2006, 289 patients with CIN Ⅱ or Ⅲ diagnosed by colposcopic biopsy were treated and followed up according to consensus guidelines for the management of women with CIN. Results Totally 233 of the 289 patients (80.6%) completed the follow-up (3-56 months with a mean of 11.8). Among them, 77.7% (181/233) received treatment; the other 22.3% (52/233) did not. In the 181 patients who received treatment, the lesion disappeared in 160 (88.4%) cases, during the follow-up; while in those who did not received treatment, the CIN was cured spontaneously in 63.5% (33/52; ?2=17.664, P=0.000). The prognosis of CIN Ⅱ was similar among the patients who were treated with microwave coagulation, LEEP, or cold knife conization (?2=0.008,P=0.996). In addition, in the patients with CIN Ⅲ, the prognosis after cold knife conization was not significantly different from that after LEEP (?2=0.017,P=0.897). Conclusions The management of CIN Ⅱ and Ⅲ may increase the cure rate. However, the three therapeutic methods produce similar prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of loop electrosurgical excision procedure(LEEP) for the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) grade Ⅱ. Methods A total of 28 patients were pathologically diagnosed as having CIN grade Ⅱ by colposcopic cervical biopsy.High-risk human papillomavirus(HPV) DNA testing showed positive results in 96.4% of the patients(27/28).The procedure was conducted under surface anesthesia.A loop electrode was used to cut through the cervical tissues,and then a square-shaped electrode or a small-sized loop electrode was utilized to complete the resection of lesions,including parts of the cervical canal.All the patients were followed postoperatively. Results The intraoperative blood loss was 0~20 ml,and the operation time was 5~10 min.Out of the 28 patients,postoperative abnormal vaginal bleeding was found in 3 patients.No other complications occurred.The resected tissues showed no obvious charring changes.The lesions of CIN completely disappeared in 15 patients(53.6%),subsided to grade Ⅰ in 5 patients,remained in grade Ⅱ in 5 patients,and progressed to grade Ⅲ in 3 patients.Follow-up examinations in the 28 patients for 6~24 months(mean,16 months) found no residual lesions or recurrence.The high-risk HPV DNA findings turned negative in 23 patients. Conclusions LEEP is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of CIN grade Ⅱ,with advantages of little invasion,simplicity of performance,and no need of hospitalization.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), a key rate-limiting enzyme in tricarboxylic acid cycle,is found within the cytoplasm and peroxisomes.In recent years, IDH1 mutation is discovered in most gliomaand its large scale metabolites, 2-hydroxyglutarate, may be involved in tumor as potential carcinogens, and isshown to be closely related to better patients' survival as well.IDH1 mutation is anticipated to be a novel genet-ic biomarker which will guide the treatments of clinical glioma.