Background: Visual images are used to communicate health effectively, yet visual gender representation in the context of health is not well established as most studies focused on effectiveness, awareness, adoption, or behavior change. Objectives: This study explored emerging gender myths in visual images used to communicate reproductive health, maternal health, family and nutrition, breastfeeding, and childcare with the premise that visuals may shape notions of gender roles and identities. Methodology: Selected images from flipcharts produced by development communication practitioners were analyzed using Kress and Van Leeuwen's social semiotics (2006). Interpretive visual analysis was used to analyze visual impacts (denotation) and cultural meanings (connotation) by Barthes' Order of Signification, and gender roles and identity naturalized by the images. Results: Images for health communication used more women as subjects relative to the topics that are primarily women's concern. The subject's gaze were indirect offered as items of information, showing a relation of symbolic equality, and implying that health topics are part of the social discourse. Visual impacts and cultural meanings of images uncovered myths that embody the roles, and identities, and social expectations of men and women in health. Emerging gender myths have to do with anatomy, mainly as basis for the role, identity, and expectations, especially of women as main actors in health. Conclusion This study reveals that gender roles and identities portrayed in health are still universal and are not historically and culturally contingent.
Gender Role ; Gender Identity

Background: Domestic violence is a common occurrance in every country, culture and all levels of society, and about 20%-50% of women worldwide are victims of domestic violence. In Vietnam, domestic violence had broad range of influences and has serious impacts. Objectives: To identify the factors influencing domestic violence in Yen Phong district, Bac Ninh province. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006 on 452 married women aged 19 to 45 years, with structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. Results and conclusion: the lifetime prevalence of domestic violence was 42% and the prevalence in the past 12 month was 22.6%. The most frequent domestic violence was mental, followed by physical and sexual violence. The first 15 years of marriage was the most turbulent period of violence. There were significant relationships between lifetime violence and the education, occupation, economic status, but there was no relationship for violence in the past 12 months. The women, whose husbands were drunk, gambling and unfaithful, were more likely to be facing domestic violence than the others. The acceptance of violence by women was significantly related to violence. Those who perceived the violence by husbands were very severe then were less likely to be faced by violence than the other. In order to prevent the domestic violence, it is necessary to promote the health education, improving the awareness of women and men on gender equity and equality.
Domestic violence ; Gender equity

Background: Normally, gender of human is indentified according to enternal sexual organ. However in several cases the patient\u2019s gender is not able to identify based on enternal sexual organ. In these cases test for gender identification is need. Objectives: Identify relationship between clinical condition of the external sexual organ and sexual chromosome. Subjects and method: 119 patients with diagnosis of \u201cunclear gender identification\ufffd?made by hospitals in Ha noi. Culture of peripheral blood, analyze sexual chromosome, comparing with gender indentification proposed in neonatal period and gender indentified by physical at time of examination. Results: 87/119 cases (73,11%) have male sexual chromosome. According of gender proposed in neonatal period to sexual chromosome are 76,90% for children considered \u201cboy\ufffd?and only 33,33% for \u201cgirl\ufffd? The according percentage is higher at time of examination (mean age is 6,4 years old). There are 4 cases of female phenotype with XY sexual chromosome. Conclusion: In cases with unclear gender identification in neonatal period: 73,11% cases have male sexual chromosome (XY). Apprasal gender at neonatal period is difficulty accurate, especialy for children considered girl (the according rate is only 33,33%). \ufffd?Detect 4 cases of \u201ctesticular femiuization\ufffd?
Sex Chromosomes ; Gender Identity ;

Background: Domestic-related violence against women appears in every country, culture and socioeconomic classes. Yen Phong district of Bac Ninh province is in the economic transformation process from agricultural to industrial and service economic structure. The domestic-related violence trend is increasing, but there are no study on this situation. Objectives: The study was conducted to investigate the situation of domestic violence against women in Yen Phong district, Bac Ninh province. Subjects and method: The study used cross-sectional descriptive design. Participants were married women who were less than 50 years old. The participants were interviewed with structured questionnaires. The group involved the men who have a history of violent activities against women and the women who suffered from violence was thoroughly interviewed and discussed. Results: A total of 452 women had participated in the study. Mean age of participants was 34.6 years old (ranging from 19 to 49 years old). About half of participants have never suffered from domestic violence. The violence in the last 12 months was lower, affected to one out of every 5 women. The mental violence accounted for highest rate, followed by physical and sexual violence (29.2%, 28.3% and 10.4%, respectively). Sharing economy and household responsibility, gambling habit of husbands and talkative habit of wives were main reasons of violence. The consequences of violence were mainly related to mental and social factors. Some women suffered from mental, physical and sexual health consequences (73.2%, 20.5%, and 13.7%, respectively). Conclusion: In order to increase the awareness on domestic violence, it requires improve access to information on gender violence for both men and women.
Gender violence ; Rural women

Undetermined gender divided into 4 groups including female pseudohermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, true pseudohermaphroditism and others. This paper introduced the studies on the causes, diagnosis and treatment of 4 above mentioned groups of diseases. The approach methods of causative diagnosis of undetermined gender (ambiguous genitalia) including clinical approaches, chromosome tests, biochemical tests, genital tract X-ray and genital biopsy.
Gender Identity ; Genitalia

Introduction (Panimula): Ang Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Bangsamoro sa Muslim Mindanao ay nagpapaigting sa kaparatan ng mga tao tulad ng katutubo at higit sa lahat ay mga muslim. Ang muslim ay ang tumatalima sa Islam at katuruan nito sa pamamagitan ng pagtanggap o pagsasaksi ( ٱلشَّھَادَة ) sa kaisahan ( توحید ) ng Allah ( سُبْحَانَھُوَتَعَالَى ) at bunga nito ang isang muslim ay nagiging bahagi ng relihiyon ( دین ) ng kapayapaan sapagkat ang kapayapaan sa arabe ( سلام ) ay nag mula sa kaparehas na salitang ugat ng Islam, ang ( سِلم ). Ngunit paano bibigyan ng mukha ang kapayapaan sa mga baklang sasailalim sa rehiyong ito sa kulturang hindi hinihikayat (Haram) ang pagpapahayag (gender expression) ng pagiging bakla? Objective (Layunin): Ang pananaw sa bakla ay hindi basta salita bagkus ay isang buong pananaw (holistikong pagtingin sa tao) o pilosopiyang nakapaloob sa kulturang Pilipino na maaring magamit upang maging tulay sa pilipinong kultura ng mga muslim na huhubog sa ating sariling karanasan ng totoong kapayapaan ang malayang kapayapaan Methodology (Pamamaraan): Ang papel na ito ay magtatangka na pagtalabin ang konsepto ng bakla sa konsepto ng Pilipinong muslim gamit ang pamamaraan at dulog ng paglalahad ng kasaysayan na may saysay (dulog ng Qasas قَصَص ) na may pagtindig sa tradisyon ni Ibn Khaldun ang pagsasaysay ng makatotohanang pagsasaysay na sa yaong dulog ay maaring magdulot ng tatlong bunga. Result (Bunga): (1) una, ito ay maaring magpalalim sa pag unawa (Verstehen) sa bawat isa at maging daan tungo sa karanasan ng malayang kapayapaan dahil ang paggamit ng kultura sa talakayan ay nakaugat at mas malapit sa sariling kultura't pananampalatayang Pilipino (2) ang paggamit ng katutubong kultura ay maaring maging mas mabisa sa pagpapalaganap ng kapayapaan dahil malapit ito sa kultura ng taong tatanggap (3) ang katutubong kultura ay malilinang dahil kasabay ng pananampalatayang Pilipino ay magagamit ito sa pagtindig ng kapayapaan na naaayon sa konteksto at pananaw ng mga Pilipino Conclusion (Tugatog) Sa pamamagitang ng paglalahad ng saysay sa kasaysayan makikita natin ang pagkakapareha ng katangiang bakla bilang banayad at mabuti na tumutugon sa katangian ng muslim bilang mabuti na may katangiang لِنْتَ at بِٱلْقِسْطِ na maaring magamit bilang tulay ng dalawan tradisyon.
Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexuality

Five key policy recommendations were generated from the presentations and discussions in the Global Assembly on Everyday Life, Gender, and Sexuality. The rich source of information supporting the recommendations was the exploration of effective methods of promoting social change through education and research from networks and partnerships. The movement created by collective and participatory approaches in policy development counters the limitations of some societies where gender and sexuality are taboo. Enabling laws is essential, but the implementing guidelines should consider the real-world experience and realize that adequate infrastructure, processes, and resources are necessary. Education of the people on gender and sexuality must start early in life to plant a seed to develop values that uphold respect for human rights and civic responsibility.
Gender Identity ; Sexuality

Background: Gender identification by using skeletal identification is an important tool in forensic, medico-legal, bioarkeology, and anthropology. Traditional morphological methods depended on the anthropologist subjectivity that caused a significant difference among the observer. This study aims to develop the discriminant function for gender prediction in a Surabaya-Indonesia population age ranges 15-25-year-olds by using a panoramic radiograph. This research used 273 panoramic radiographs consisted of 129 male panoramic radiographs and 144 female panoramic radiographs. The researchers measured 11 parameters of the jaw such as two gonial angles, two mandibular ramus heights, two mandibular ramus widths, two mandibular corpus lengths, two nasal line maxilla, and anterior mandibular corpus heights. The researchers analyzed the data by using the discriminant analysis of the IBM SPSS statistic 24. Results: The result of our study shows there were significant differences in the jaw morphometry between males and females, except the mandibular ramus widths. The jaw size in males was larger than that of the female. The biggest dimorphism variables based on the Wilks lambda value were gonial angles, mandibular ramus heights, mandibular corpus lengths, and nasal lines. While the smallest dimorphism variables were mandibular ramus widths. The accuracy of discriminant analysis for each variable ranges from 47.3% to 93.8%. Conclusion This preliminary study in Surabaya-Indonesia population age ranges 15-25-year-olds by using panoramic radiograph shows the highest accuracy of gender prediction by using discriminant function was obtained from the combination of the nine jaw parameters.
Gender Identity ; Maxilla

This virtual forum showcased successful women leaders in the Philippine health sector who shared their journeys and advice with early-career professionals. The speakers emphasized the significance of mentorship, claiming space, and taking risks. They also highlighted the need for support systems to encourage non-traditional career paths in the health sector for women. The discussion acknowledged the challenges faced by the LGBTQIA+ community in accessing appropriate healthcare and the importance of generating evidence and dialogue to address their unique health needs. Across these contexts, common themes emerged in the importance of mentorship for women leaders in overcoming societal biases and stereotypes.
Gender Equity ; Mentors

Glass ceiling is the unseen barrier that prohibits women and minorities in achieving a higher potential in the workplace. This barrier influences the well-being and prosperity of women and minorities resulting to career stagnation and inability to earn a higher income. Despite the abundance of literature on the issue, there is a dearth of comprehensive information that examines the organizational, cultural, and individual factors that contribute to the glass ceiling phenomenon in the healthcare industry. The main goal of this study is to do a full scoping review to find and map all the existing healthcare settings that contribute to the glass ceiling effect. A total of 28,184 hits resulted in the search of the published and grey literature. Nine articles passed the full-text review and were further reviewed. Data were synthesized and interpreted to determine the experiences of nurses about the glass ceiling phenomenon. Findings: Gender discrimination, bias, and stereotyping prevent nurses from learning executive summary skills, maintain the gender wage gap, and lead to unequal treatment of women and men in the health workforce; structural and systemic barriers within healthcare organizations can restrict their access to these higher-level positions; underrepresentation of women in leadership roles leads to lack of mentors; and lack of work-life balance due to limited flexible work arrangements.
Sexism ; Gender Equity ; Nurses