Objective To design and apply a kind of controllable enema input apparatus in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods 20 SCI patients with chronic constipation were included. Their defecation time, nature of defecation and usage of enema of 5 times of defecation were recorded before and after using the new apparatus. Results There were significant differences in the defecation time, nature of defecation and usage of enema before and after using the new apparatus (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of the new controllable enema input apparatus may shorten the defecation time, improve the nature of defecation, and reduce the usage of enema in SCI patients with chronic constipation.

Objective To investigate the changes of serum immunoglobulin E(IgE)?T cell subgroups and cytokines in asthmatic children and to provide theoretical basis for the management of asthmatic children.Methods T cell subgroups were determined by indirect immuofluorence method mono clone antibody, the detection of IgE,interleukin(IL) 4,IL 6,IL 8,interferon ?(IFN ?) were done by ELISA method, and 20 normal children were served as control group.Results There were significant differences of CD3 +,CD4 +,CD4 +/CD8 + among the stages of exacerbation and convalescence of asthmatic children and control group.( P0.05).In the stage of convalescence the levels of IL 2,IFN ? were lower than control group( P0.05).Conclusions Allergic asthmatic patients between the exacerbation and convalescence stages still had immunologic imbalance,indicating increased number of CD4 +T cell(mainly Th2 cells)and hyperfunction;the insufficient number and(or) the inactivity of CD8 +T cell may induce immunological disturbance ,which is the major mechanism of asthmatic attacks. These findings suggest the patients in an abnormal immunological state should receive continuous anti allergic therapy.

Objective To investigate the expression of hepsin and its role in the pathogenesis of breast infiltrating ductal cancer ( BIDC) .Methods The expression level of hepsin was examined by immunobloting and immunohistochemistry in breast tissue samples from 8 healthy controls and 139 patients with BIDC,respectively. The correlation between hepsin level and its significance in clinical pathology of BIDC was assessed by statistical analysis.Results High level of hepsin was detected in nearly 70.5 percent of BIDC samples(98 out of 139)by immunobloting and immunohistochemistry , while the level of hepsin was relatively low or hardly detectable in healthy controls.In addition,there was a significant correlation between hepsin level and clinical stages as well as the level of histological differentiation of BIDC .Conclusion Increased expression of hepsin might play an impor-tant role in pathogenesis and progression of BIDC .The level of hepsin is positively correlated to clinical stages of BIDC,but negatively correlated with the level of histological differentiation of BIDC .

In the context of precision medicine, although individual treatment of breast cancer under the guidance of molecular classi-fication has become the norm, a precision treatment program with increased efficiency and quality is still required. Compared with the traditional real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has obvious advantages in the detection of rare mutations and copy number variations, as well as the integration with the second-generation-sequencing tech-nology. This paper reviews the application of a ddPCR platform in different breast cancer subtypes and explores new horizons of breast cancer research through the ddPCR technology.

Objective Evaluate data of 1270 cases with free flap transplant,to find the problems in the process of operation,and then to analyse its causes and how to prevent and solve it,as well as providing reference for clinical colleagues. Methods To study 1270 cases of free flaps,musculocutaneous flap and perforator flap who was treated in our hospital from October 2000 to October 2010 retrospectively. A total of 722 cases of the group were followed-up 6 months to 5 years. To detective and search the problems and imperfection from designing,harvesting,tranfer,to the management and function of donor site after free flap transplantion.And also to analysis the couse of problems and operation failure,discuss the conclude of and to provide advisable measure. Results Total 1270 free flaps were transplanted successfully except 64 can-celled or failured for some reason, the success rate was 95.0％, the postopertive necrosis rate was 3.8％.Seventy-six cases were encountered vascular complications venous crisis in 42,arterial crisis in 38.Fifty-five cases were saved successfully without surgery,and 15 cases survived completely by vessel explorative operation. Five cases were partial necrosis and 7 cases necrosis. The rate of postoperative infection of emergency cases and chronic one were 4.7％ (682 cases)and 8.8％(588 cases) which show the infective incidence of latter was higher than former. In addition, there were many other problems were found such as distal flaps necrosis,contracture,deformation,impairment function of doner site,etc. Conclusion Preventing and management timely to vessle crisis is the key to flap suvive. The principle of dissecting flap should be followed strictly,and control the indications of modified processing during flap harvest,keep the proper flap tension were technical requirements in flap transplantion. Right way of donor site closed and management of insufficient timely were equally important to prevent and solve to complications and dysfunction.

Background Many kindof cells,cytokineand extracellulamatrix components,such aconnective tissue growth facto(CTGF) and fibronectin (FN),can regulate and controll the formation and developmenof epiretinal membrane.Iiimportanto investigate the morphology and pathology of epiretinal membrane fothe prevention of relevanretinopathies.Objective Thistudy wato investigate the expression of CTGF and FN in differentypeand stageof epiretinal membranes.MethodEpiretinal membranewere collected during vitrectomy and silicon oil removal surgery from 24 eyeof 24 casewith rhegmatogenouretinal detachment(RRD) (including 14 eyewith courses＜90 dayand 10 eyewith course≥ 90 days),20 eyeof 20 casewith diabetiretinopathy (DR)associated with vitreouhemorrhage and tractional RD (course≥ 90 days)and 7 eyeof 7 casewith silicon oil tamponade (course≥ 90 days).The grading of the proliferative vitroretinopathy (PVR) wa＞C2 in all the eyes.Histopathological examination waperformed to assesthe pathological elemenin the differentypeand stageof epiretinal membrane,and the differential expressionof CTGF and FN in the varioutypeof epiretinal membranewere detected by immunochemistry.The amounof cellpositive foCTGF and FN wacompared using the FisheExacProbability method.ResultHistopathological examination showed thaincrease in the numbeof RPE celland inflammatory cellwaprimary characteristiin the epithelial membrane of RRD with courses＜90 days,buthere were loof neurogliocyteand fibroblastin the RRD group with course≥ 90 days.In addition,the infiltration of inflammatory cellwapredominanin the RRD and Dgroups,bufibroplasiwaobviouin the silicon oil tamponade group.When the course wa≥ 90 days,7 eye(70.0％)in the RRD group wapositive foCTGF,and 18 eyes(90.0％)in the Dgroup and 2 eyes(28.6％)in the silicon oil tamponade group were positive foCTGF,with significandifference among them(P=0.037).In regardto FN,9 eyeshowed expression in the RRD group(90.0％),18 eyein the Dgroup(90.0％)and 7 eyein the silicon oil tamponade group(100.0％),withousignificandifference among them (P =0.379).In the RRD group,7 eyewith course≥ 90 dayand 13 eyewith courses＜90 days(92.9％)were positive foCTGF,showing significandifference between them(P =0.032).AfoFN,9 eye(90.0％)with course≥ 90 dayshowed positivity,which wasignificantly highethan the 7 eyewith courses＜90 day(50.0％) (P =0.019).ConclusionThe expression of CTGF in epiretinal membranevariewith the disease type and course duration,buthe expression of FN in epiretinal membrane varieonly with the course duration.

Objective To study the method of solving the complications of large allograft including resorption, nonunion and refracture by means of vascularization and the way of improving bone healing. Methods The bone defect longer than 10 cm of limbs were found in 21 cases, plate or external fixator were used to fix allograft bone, and then vascularied autologous bone or periosteum were transplanted or inserted to the massive allograft In order to vascularizate allograft, improve bone healing and prevent complications of bone resorption and osteolysis. 4 cases were implanted by local vascular bondle in one end. 4 cases were transplanted vascular iliac bone into middle part the allograft bone, 2 cases were into one end. 2 cases were transplanted by vascular fibular bone. 6 cases were used vascular periosteum. 3 cases were used combined methods. Results Twenty-one cases with 10 cm or more bone defect in this group were treated by the method above. 14 cases were achieved primary healing, 6 were healing by farther operation, 1 failure. Complications were found in 7 cases, 4 occur infection in all. All were achieved satisfactory function and outlook by follow-up. Conclusion The method of vascularied autologous bone or periosteum combined with massive allograft are effective to improve bone union, reduce the complication of bone resorption and osteolysis,which proved usefull to treat large bone defect.

Objective To investigate the expression of CD133 and CD44 proteins in gastric stromal tumors (GST) and their clinical significances. Methods The expression of CD44 and CD133 proteins in the GST tissues of 112 patients was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The relation between the expression of CD44 and CD133 proteins and the clinicopathological characters was analyzed. The survival and prognosis of GST were also analyzed. Results Both CD44 and CD133 were expressed on the cell membranes. The expression rates of CD44 and CD133 were 58.04 % (65/112) and 42.86 % (48/112) separately; the co-expression rate of CD44 and CD133 was 27.68 % (31/112). CD44 and CD133 were negative in normal peritumoral tissues. No correlation was found between CD44 and CD133 and the clinicopathological parameters including gender, age and lymphatic vessel invasion (all P>0.05), but the expression levels of CD44 and CD133 in patients with the mitotic count ≥ 5/50 high-power field, large diameter and vascular invasion were significantly higher (all P<0.05). No correlation was found between co-expression of CD44 and CD133 and the clinical clinicopathological parameters including gender, age, the mitotic count ≥ 5/50 high-power field and vascular invasion (all P>0.05), but the co-expression level of CD44 and CD133 in patients with tumor diameter ≥5 cm was significantly higher than that in patients with tumor diameter < 5 cm (χ2=5.040, P=0.025). The overall survival rate of the patients with co-expression of CD44 and CD133 was shorter than that in other groups (χ2 = 8.758, P= 0.001). No correlation was found between CD44 and CD133 expression (r=0.126, P=0.210). Multivariate analysis with the Cox regression models showed that the tumor diameter ≥5 cm (P=0.042) and co-expression of CD44 and CD133 (P=0.003) were significantly associated with poor prognosis. Conclusion CD44 and CD133 as robust cancer stem cell markers in GST might be the prognostic factors.

Objective To investigate the role of endothelin - 1( ET-1) and interleukin-8( IL-8) in tracheal aspirates (TA) in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). Methods The levels of ET- 1 and IL - 8 in TA of 13 patients with ARDS and 11 controls were assayed by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay. Lung injury score was applied to all patients. Results The levels of ET-1 and 1L-8 in TA were significantly higher in ARDS than those in controls (P

Objective To amplify all immunoglobulin V genes of human atherosclerosis by PCR and to sequence the products of PCR cloned into T-vector. Methods Peripheral blood samples of 50 patients with atherosclerosis were collected,from which lymphocytes were segregated by density gradient centrifugation and total RNA was extracted by TRIzol reagent.V genes of VL(including VK and V?) and VH were amplified by RT-PCR,and the products were digested by restriction enzyme and then cloned into T-vector.Two clones were picked randomly to sequence.(Results)Total RNA were extracted purely with integrity,and all V genes of VL and VH were amplified by PCR successfully.The sequences were highly homologous to human immunoglobulin genes. Conclusion All immunoglobulin V genes of human artherosclerosis were amplified successfully,which lays a foundation for the construction and (selection) of phage library.