arotid artery stenosis is a common clnical disease, and its treatment includes drug therapy, carotid endarterectomy and carotid angioplasty and stenting. This article reviews the advances in the management of carotid artery stenosis.

Carotid atherosclerosis is a major cause of ischemie stroke. Understanding the compositions of carotid plaque arid preventing plaque rupture are of importance to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Magnetic resornance imaging (MRI) is noninvasive, highly reproducible, does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation. It is one of the most potential imaging tools for carotid atherosclerotic plaques. This article reviews the application of MRI in the imaging of carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in children has been previously regarded as a rare cerebrovascular disease. With the development of neuroimaging, we have more knowledge and understanding about CVST in children. The etiologies of CVST can be divided into infectious and noninfectious. Its clinical manifestations are various and lack of specificity. These characteristics make the clinical diagnosis of CVST have some difficulties.Now, it is considered that in combination with magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venography is the best means of diagnosis of CVST. Anticoagulation is the preferred treatment for CVST. Interventional thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy or decompressive craniotomy can be used for children whose symptoms continue to deteriorate after systematic anticoagulation therapy. The prognosis of CVST is relatively good if it is diagnosed and treated in time.

The metabolic syndrome represents a complex combination of the symptoms obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipoproteinemia. Insulin resistance is the major pathophysiologjcal basis of the metabolic syndrome. There is a close association between the metabolic syndrome and its various components and vascular cognitive impairment. This article briefly reviews the mechanisms of metabolic syndrome caused vascular cognitive impairment, and summarizes the significance of controlling metabolic syndrome on the prevention and treatment of vascular cognitive impairment.

Moyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular disease.Its incidence is higher in the East Asia.The pathogenesis of MMD remains unclear at present,but the epidemiological research both at home and abroad suggests that the genetic factors play an important role in the onset of MMD.This article briefly reviews the recent progress in research on MMD related genes.

Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug widely used in clinical practice now.It has been used as the secondary prevention medication for myocardial infarction,ischemic stroke,and peripheral vascular disease.However,the anti-platelet aggregation effect of clopidogrel has significant individual differences.A large part of patients have clopidogrel resistance phenomenon.The mechanism of clopidogrel resistance is not fully understood.The genetic polymorphism is an important cause of clopidogrel resistance,including ABCB1,CYP2C19,CYP3A4,CYP3A5,P2Y12,and ITGB3.

Studies in recent years have shown that the mesenchymal stem cells promote nerve repair and improve neurological function after ischemic stroke.As a major source of mesenchymal stem cells,bone mesenchymal stem cells have potential and broad prospects in the treatment of ischemic stroke.This article reviews the sources,characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells,and the pathogenesis of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of ischemic stroke and prospects.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between intra-extracranial arterial stenosis and silent cerebral infarction(SCI) in the elder with essential hypertension(EH). Methods:The results of color duplex ultrasonography(Duplex) and digital subtraction angiography(DSA) examination of 86 patients with essential hypertension complicated silent cerebral infarction were analyzed.The incidence of intra-and extracranial arterial stenosis and arthrosclerosis plaque were calculated.The comparative value of Duplex and DSA for evaluating atherosclerosis of extracranial carotid artery was analyzed using statistic methods. Results:The incidence of arthrosclerosis plaque was higher in SCI group than that in normal control group(62.79%,24%,P

Most patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases,after treated in hospitals during the acute stage,can return home or back to the community.Therefore,secondary prevention of the disease in the community is very important.

Cervical arterial dissection is an important cause resulting in stroke, particularly in young adults. The clinical manifestation of cervical arterial dissection may be various, and imaging examinations have a great value in the diagnosis of cervical arterial dissection. At present, anticoagulation and anti-platelet aggregation are the most important medication, while intravascular intervention is a new option for patients failed to respond to medical treatment. This article reviews the recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical arterial dissection.