Considering the problems such as reposition limited, easily detached and singly fired of the existing clip products, we developed an endoscopic multiple-clip applier which can apply 4 clips fired successively at a time. Th instrument also equipped with an independent grasper which can be used to clamp target tissues. In order to explor its feasibility and effectiveness of endoluminal closure of gastric perforation, 22 pig stomachs were making a 1 cm full-thickness incision from outside and closed by multiple-clip applier (n = 12) in vitro. Outcome was measured by bursting pressure and compared with negative control (n = 5) and hand suture (n = 5). We set a threshold pressure value (10 mm Hg) for a secure closure. Except 2 cases of invalid data, the mean bursting pressures of negative control, multiple-clip applier, hand suture were (1.5 ± 0.3) mm Hg, (46.0 ± 7.1) mm Hg, and (72.5 ± 7.7) mm Hg, respectively. The results showed that bursting pressure of multiple-clip applier was significantly higher than that of negative control (P < 0.05) and threshold value. Multiple-clip applier can be served as an effective and safe device to perform the endoluminal closure of gastric perforation.
Animals ; Endoscopy ; Equipment Design ; Stomach Diseases ; surgery ; Surgical Instruments ; Swine

Objective To study ultrastructure changes of myocardium and morphic change of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice with viral myocarditis(VMC).Methods Our experiment established animal model of VMC by the way of coxsackie virus B3(CVB3) inoculation,then we studied the changes and apoptosis of cardiomyocyte by ways of microscope and electron microscope.Results The myocardial changes and inflammatory cell infiltration were found by ways of microscope and electron microscope from 5 days after virus inoculation in experimental mice,the peak changes were at 7-9 days,and were almost recoverd at 35 days.Apoptotic changes and apoptotic bodies were found by eletron microscope at 7-9 days after virus inoculation in mice with VMC.Conclusions VMC can be caused in mice after CVB3 inoculation,abnormal cardiomyocyte apoptosis can be found in VMC.

Objective To investigate the effects of phenylephrine and norepinephrine on tissue oxygen metabolism in elderly patients undergoing fluid restriction. Methods Eighty elderly patients who had underwent elective colorectal surgery were selected, with ASA of Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade. The patients were divided into restricted fluid administration combined with phenylephrine group (group Ⅰ) and restricted fluid administration combined with norepinephrine group (groupⅡ) by random digits table with 40 cases each. The compound recipe sodium lactate was given at a rate of 5 ml/(kg · h). Small dose of phenylephrine was infused intravenously at 0.1-0.3μg/(kg · min) simultaneously during the surgery in group Ⅰ, or norepinephrine 0.01-0.03 μg/(kg · min) in group Ⅱ. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was maintained ≥ 65 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa). The intraoperative blood loss was replaced with the equal volume of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. The blood gas analysis, hemoglobin and so on were determined before the surgery (T0), 1 h after beginning of surgery (T1), 2 h after beginning of surgery (T2) and at the time of leaving operation room (T3). The complications were recorded. Results There were no statistical differences in MAP, central venous pressure (CVP), heart rate, lactic acid, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, central venous oxygen pressure, central venous blood oxygen saturation, oxygen uptake rate, hemoglobin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and incidence of complication between 2 groups (P>0.05). The T1-3 hemoglobin and arterial oxygen content (CaO2), T1 and T3 venous oxygen content (CcvO2) and T2 atrerial venous oxygen content differences (Da-cvO2) in groupⅠwere significantly higher than those in groupⅡ, hemoglobin:(103.8 ± 7.9) g/L vs. (110.8 ± 8.6) g/L, (101.7 ± 7.7) g/L vs. (107.3 ± 7.8) g/L and (101.6 ± 6.9) g/L vs. (106.8 ± 5.6) g/L; CaO2: (140.6 ± 9.7) mmol/L vs. (149.6 ± 10.5) mmol/L, (137.5 ± 9.3) mmol/L vs. (144.9 ± 10.2) mmol/L and (137.2 ± 9.2) mmol/L vs. (143.1 ± 8.9) mmol/L;CcvO2:(119.8 ± 10.2) mmol/L vs. (126.4 ± 10.8) mmol/L and (102.3 ± 8.6) mmol/L vs. (108.5 ± 8.9) mmol/L;Da-cvO2:(19.6 ± 3.9) mmol/L vs. (23.0 ± 4.5) mmol/L, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). Conclusions Phenylephrine has more effect on tissue oxygen metabolism in the elderly patients undergoing fluid-restricted abdominal surgery.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been curently used for tracing the interrelationship between neurons in peripheral and central nervnos system. In order to differentiate endo-and exogenous peroxidases, 15 adult, healthy rats were selected for investigating the distribution of endogenous peroxidase in tissues. Fresh cryostat frozen sections of brain were fixed in fixatives of various concentrations and PH, and sections were made after perfusion of the fixative through heart. They were incubated in media containing DAB and hydrogenperoxide. Potassium cynide or sodium azide was used as inhibitators.The reaction of peroxidase in medula oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus, hypothamus, hippocampus and striatum etc were studied with dark field and transmitted light microscope. In the superficial layer of the Ⅲ and Ⅳ ventricles and periaqueductal gray substance of midbrain, there were large number of dark brown peroxidase granules with non neuronal distribution.The peroxidase granules were found in the entire or the dorasal part of locus ceruleus, the ventral part of cerebellum and the dorasal part of hippocampus. Small amount of granules were located in medial nucleus of habenularis, stria medullaris, nucleus supraopticus hypothalami and suprachiasmaticus. Large amount of positive reactive granules were found in nucleus arcuate. Some of them were localized in the perineurons of polydendritic neurons but most of them were of nonneuronal distribution. Sparse granules were also observed in the dorsomedial part of nucleus caudatus putamen and dorsal part of nucleus septicus lateralis. In commisure fornix and corpus callosum, the granules were distributed along the nerve fiber bundle. There were large amount of positive reactive granules around the subfornix organ especially on its dorsal part. To sum up, the main distribution of them are periventricular, periaqueductal gray substance and periventricular organs (such as area postrema, locus coeruleus, nucleus arcuata, subfonix organ and several neurosecretory nuclei of hypothalamus). It seems that the distribution of this enzymes might be closely related to synthesis, metabolism and release of the neurosecretion or transmitters of these nuclei and some of them might act through the cerebro-spinal fluid.

Objective To discuss the clinical value of retroperitoneal laparoscopic simple nephrectomy. Methods Retroperitoneal laparoscopic simple nephrectomy was performed in 6 patients, including 5 cases of severe hydronephrosis with non-functioning kidney resulted from ureteral calculi and 1 case of renal tuberculosis. The operation was conducted via retroperitoneal approach. After the upper ureter and the renal pedicle were exposed, the renal artery and vein were clipped and severed. The renal pedicle was occluded only with titanium clips before the removal of the kidney. Results All the operations were performed successfully without complications. The operation time was 130~220 min (mean, 150 min) and the intraoperative blood loss, 80~150 ml (mean, 120 ml). The postoperative hospital stay ranged 5~7 days. Follow-ups for 3 months in the 5 patients with ureterolithiasis revealed normal renal functions. The patient with renal tuberculosis was given anti-tuberculosis therapy and followed for 6 months. No recurrence was seen and the patient’s serum creatinine level was 120 ?mol/L, which was slightly higher than the normal. Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic simple nephrectomy has advantages of minimal invasion, short hospital stay and rapid recovery. The procedure should be regarded as the “golden standard” for simple nephrectomy.

Objective To monitor the release of amino acids of the whole retina during and after experimental glaucoma by increasing the intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods Experimental glaucoma was induced in one of the two eyes of rabbits by increasing IOP at 120 mm Hg for 45 min under infusion of saline in anterior chamber;then the pressure was released and the needle inserted into the anterior chamber was removed,this state was maintained for another 45 min.Every 15 min during the experiment 5 rabbits were killed and experimental eyes were enucleated.Aliquots (20 ?l) of the retinal extracts (see below) were mixed with ophthaldialdehyde reagent and analysed for amino acid content by the HPLC method of Wangwei, using a 150 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m C18 column. Results A large increase in the release of glutamate,but not of the other three amino acids monitored,occurred during initial experimental ocular hypertension.It reached peak value of (111.73?17.46) 10 -5 mmol/g at 15 min of hypertension.15 min after release of intraocular pressure,again,immediately large and specific increase in the concentration of glutamate was reached to (102.96?51.91) 10 -5 mmol/g.In eyes subjected to paracentesis of anterior chamber,no difference was found between experimental eyes and controls. Conclusion These results suggest that glutamate is triggered by increasing the IOP,and it releases not only during the period of experimental ocular hypertension,but also afterwards.

Objective:To study the correlation of elastase(EA) and ? 1-antitrypsin (? 1-AT) level in gingival crevicular fluid(GCF) of different periodontal status and their roles in periodontal inflammatary pathogenesis. Methods: 62 volunteers aged 45～51 years old were enroled.Their periodental status were examined and grouped into healthy periodontium (H),8 cases,marginal gingivitis (MG),12 cases,mild chronic periodontitis (MCP),20 cases and advanced chronic periodontitis (ACP),22 cases.EA in GCF were measured with a chromogenic low molecular weight substrate reaction and the ? 1-AT with ELISA. Results: Significantly positive correlation was found between GCF-EA activity and clinical periodontal parameters (P

Objective:To study the effect and clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) in viral myocarditis(VMC).Methods:Animal model was established by serum TNF-? in VMC mice was assayed by the way of ELISA.In addition,VMC mice were treated by TNF-? mAb and rTNF-?,death rate andmyocardial change of intervention group were compared with control group.Results:Serum TNF-? in VMC mice increased apparently.Inflammatory cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis had ralations with TNF-? in VMC.Inflammatory cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis in the mice of exogenous TNF-? intervention group were more serious than simple VMC group apparently,death rate of mice was also higher than simple VMC group.Inflammatory cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis in the mice of TNF-? mAb intervention group were milder than simple VMC group apparently,death rate of mice was also lower.Conclusion:TNF-? take part in the immunoreaction and pathogenesis of VMC,it has important significance to the therapy of VMC.

Traditional knowledge digital Library (TKDL) is a mature database for protection of traditional knowledge from illicit aggression, and also used for searching and examining the novelty and inventive step of applied inventions. TKDL has the role of defensive protection on Indian traditional medicine through promoting legislation initiatively, signing TKDL access agreement with international intellectual property authorities, and establishing close cooperation with WIPO. TKDL is a typical and successful case. Based on the publication and promotion ways of traditional knowledge digital library and the actual national condition in China, this paper proposes several applicable ways for publication and promotion of traditional knowledge protection directory of traditional Chinese medicine database.

Objective To investigate the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in the migration of lymphocytes and acute hepatic failure. Methods BALB/cJ mice (6-8 weeks, female) were intraperitoneally injected with 100 PFU mouse hepatitis virus-3(MHV-3). The proportions and numbers of T cells and NK cells in liver, spleen, and blood as well as the expression of CXCR3 in T cells, and NK cells post MHV-3 infection was analyzed by flow cytometry. The hepatic mRNA level of the CXCR3-associated chemokines(CXCL9 and CXCL10) was detected by real-time PCR. A transwell migration assay was used to assess the chemotactic effect of MHV-3-infected hepatocytes and CXCL10 on the splenic lymphocytes. Results Following MHV-3 infection, the number of hepatic NK cells and T cells and the frequencies of hepatic NK cells and T cells expressing CXCR3 increased markedly; however, in the spleen and peripheral blood, they both decreased significantly. Moreover, the hepatic mRNAs levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were significantly elevated post infection. The transwell migration assay demonstrated that MHV-3-infected hepatocytes have the capacity to attract and recruit the splenic NK cells and T cells, and CXCL10 plays a key role in lymphocyte mobilization from the spleen. Conclusion Interactions between CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10),especially CXCL10 may play a key role in the recruitment of intrahepatic lymphocytes and subsequent necroinflammation and acute hepatic failure in MHV-3 infection.