Objective:To discuss application of large aperture 16 row spiral CT in radiotherapy simulation positioning. Methods: To apply CT simulation positioning with large aperture 16 row spiral CT for the breast tangential field by early breast cancer after breast conserving surgery and radical radiotherapy. Compare CT-simulation and X-ray conventional positioning technique and Compare large aperture 16 row spiral CT and single row spiral CT image. Results: The application of large aperture 16 row spiral CT avoided the error because of body limited. Large aperture 16 row spiral CT simulation position validation error is superior to X-ray positioning. Its image quality is better than that of single row spiral CT. Conclusion:The application of large aperture 16 row spiral CT make simulation positioning more accurate, planned and treatment more accurate, it can provide guarantee of accurate simulation positioning for accurate plan and treatment.

Objective To analyze the influence of tumor volume change on intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT)for nasopharyngeal carcinoma by analyzing the repeated CT simulation.Methods Twenty nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients undergoing IMRT from July 2011 to November 2012 were selected in the study.The first CT simulation was conducted prior to radiotherapy,and the repeated CT simulation was finished after radiotherapy of 30 Gy.The first and the repeated CT images were fused in treatment planning system and GTV volume shrink rate was calculated.The original plan was used to recalculate the dose distribution on repeated CT.The dose volume histogram was used to calculate the dose difference of organs at risk including the brain stem and spinal cord.Results Compared with the first CT,GTV volume shrink rate of the repeated CT simulation was 28.7％,the maximum dose,1 cm3 volume and the average dose percentage of the brain stem and spinal cord were increased(t=0.83-3.17,P＜0.05).Conclusions GTV volume shrinked significantly after radiotherapy of 30 Gy in IMRT for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.The dose of the organs at risk increased accordingly.

Objective To compare the errors of final isocenter marking method and reference point marking method for CT simulation positioning in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).Methods From 2009 to 2012,327 patients with head and neck cancer for IMRT underwent CT simulation positioning using the Philips Brilliance CT Big Bore scanner and Philips Tumor LOC workstation and were divided into final isocenter marking group (n =208) and reference point marking group (n =119) according to positioning methods.Target volume delineation and treatment plan design were performed on the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS).Before treatment,kilovoltage cone-beam CT scans and registration were performed with the Varian EX on-board imager system to obtain beam position errors in the right-left (RL),superior-inferior (SI),and anterior-posterior (AP) directions,and then comparisons of errors between the two groups were made by independent-samples t test.Finally,the TPS was used to measure the changes in the doses to the organs at risk after moving isocenters in the RL,SI,and AP directions among 5 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Results The mean beam position errors in the three directions were less in the final isocenter marking group than in the reference point marking group (P =0.02,0.01,0.03).After moving isocenters in the three directions,the target dose was reduced and the dose to the normal tissue around the target tumor was increased significantly.The error in the AP direction had the maximum influence on the spinal cord and brainstem.Conclusions Final isocenter marking method leads to less beam position error than reference point marking method in CT simulation positioning.Small isocenter motion can cause large changes in the doses to the organs at risk.

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of lung corrections on the target volume dose in radiation treatment of esophageal carcinoma by TPS HEVAPLAN. Materials and Methods: Three radiation field technique to middle esophagus were used as the model of this investigation .target volume doses were calculated with photons in different energies to compare with the divergence when the lung density were set to 1.0(without lung correction) 0.33 and 0.2 (with lung correction).Results: If no lung correction was performed, the actual radiation dose in target volume were 24%～28%, 18%～21%, 13%～15% and 7%～9% which were radiated with 60 Co, X-ray of 5MV, 8MV and 19MV. Conclusion: The lung density must be corrected in treating 60 Co unit.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the situation and developing trend of the use of narcotics METHODS:The data of narcotics used in our hospital in 2000～2002 were collected from HIS System and analyzed RESULTS:The sum of money of narcotics was increasing year by year,especially for morphine preparation;The use of Durogesic and MS Contin for the pain control of cancer occupied the first and second places in frequency,but the amount of use of pethidine injection was constantly high CONCLUSION:Irrational drug-use for the pain control of cancer still existed

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of three different methods in treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion.Methods 108 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion were divided into three groups by randomized single blind methods,and each group had 36 cases.Group A was given Chinese medicine formulations and central venous catheter pleural drainage for injection,group B was given minimally invasive thoracic closed drainage,while group C was given conventional pleural puncture.The clinical efficacy,complications and hospitalization corresponding cost were compared in three groups.Results The clinical effective rates of the three groups were 97.2％,83.3％,61.1％ (x2 =12.90,14.17,15.28,all P ＜ 0.05).In group A,the tuberculous pleural effusion disappearedfastest,hospitalization corresponding cost was lowest and less complications,followed by group B,and group C was the worst,there were statistically significant differences (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Chinese medicine formulations combined with central venous catheter drainage in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion has good clinical effecacy,and it is an effective treatment method,which is worth to be further promoted in clinical.

Lung cancer has been widely known for its highest morbidity among all tumors in this world.Anti-sense neoclitide technology is a kind of widely-recognized gene therapy for its high efficiency and practical simplicity.This essay will briefly review principles of anti-sense neoclitide technology used in treatment of lung cancer and characteristics of this technology in gene therapy of lung cancer.

Objective To observe the effect of rehabilitation on ADL scores in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated with cerebral stroke.Methods According to the selected order,three hundred and twenty type 2 diabetes patients complicated with cerebral stroke were numbered in Arabic numbers 1,2,3 and so on,the odd number patients were randomly enrolled into the observation group,the even number patients were assigned into the control group.The control group was only given corresponding clinical treatments.In addition to the same clinical treatments,rehabilitation training was given to the observation group at the same time.The ADL scores,change between the two groups were compared after three months.Results After treatment,the ADL score of the observation group was significantly improved,the difference was statistically significant (t =-24.9,P =0.000,P ＜ 0.05).The ADL score of the control group was also improved,and the difference was statistically significant (t =-15.52,P =0.000,P ＜ 0.05).The ADL score between the observation group and the control group had statistically significant difference (t =24.24,P =0.000,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Type 2 diabetes patients complicated with cerebral stroke who are early given rehabilitation training actively,car significantly improve the function of hemiplegia limbs,improve the ADL scores and the quality of life.

Mature animal models of rabbit ear scars were made from formation to maturation. Tissue oxygen partial pressure was determined by percutaneous oxygen monitoring at 14,30,60 and 90 days,and then pathology examination was performed. Fourteen days after surgery,bright red granulation tissues had a large number of inflammatory cells and angiogenesis; oxygen partial pressure was (0.81?0.25) kPa. Thirty days after surgery,the scars were significantly higher than the normal skin,bright red,made up of a large number of fibroblasts and capillary in the organizations; the partial pressure of oxygen was (1.98? 0.26) kPa. At 60 days after surgery,the scars were shrinking; color was light; the organization fibroblast cells and microvessel decreased; partial pressure oxygen was (1.86?0.60) kPa. Ninety days after surgery,the scars were flat; color was white; organizational structure was closed to normal skin; oxygen partial pressure was (13.70?1.16) kPa (P

Objective To evaluate the effect of dose-rate and leaf position tolerance on the point dose in step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT). Methods IMRT plans of 2 prostate cancer patients were selected and recalculated for a water phantom.An ionization chamber was used to measure the dose of some points in the phantom at five nominal dose-rates:100 MU/min,200 MU/min,300 MU/min,400 MU/min and 500 MU/min.It was necessary to adiust the position of the water phantom to locate the ionization chamber in region where the dose gradient was very low in order to minimize the effect of dose gradient on the measured results.When measuring the effect of leaf position tolerance on point dose,the dose-rate was kept constant and the values of tolerance were 1 mm,2 mm,3 mm and 4 mm.This work was conducted on a Varian 23EX equipped with a Millennium 120-leaf multi-leat collimator(MLC).The treatment planning system was Varian Eclipse. Results As the dose-rate increased,the error between the measured dose and the calculated dose also enlarged.The difference between the maximum and the minimum was 1.2%.When MLC control system was working normally,tlle effect of leaf position tolerance on the measured point dose was very little and negligible. Conclusions The dose-rate must be selected suitably to ensure that the delivery can be finished in a short time with the radiobiological effect taking into account.It should be noted that the error between the measured dose and the calculated dose increases with the trend of inereasing more rapidly at higher dose rates.The value of leaf position tolerance should not be set too large,in order to minimize the difference between the measured dose and the planned dose in the region of steep gradient and find as early as possible when the multi-leaf collimator control system performs improperly.