Effective chemotherapy is the mainstay of malaria control. However it is undergoing the serious threat by resis?tance of falciparum malaria to antimalarial drugs. In recent years with the development of molecular biology technology molec?ular markers have been widely used to monitor antimalarial drug resistance. This paper reviews the researches on the common molecular markers related to Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance.

Objective To calculate workload according to working day and holiday separately.Methods Functions of SQL in Oracle were used to separate working day and holiday.Results The method could accomplish holiday's workload statistics expediently.Conclusions Statistics of holiday's workload are becoming ordinary work,so the separated analysis for them has practical value.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the value of fibrobronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.METHODS The clinical document and results of fibrobronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in 36 immunocompromised patients with pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed,whose conditions were mainly after organ transplantation and hematologic neoplasia.RESULTS Through fibrobronchoscopy and(or) bronchoalveolar lavage,22 cases(61.1%) were etiologically diagnosed.In 19 cases taking cytomegalovirus(CMV) quantitative PCR test of both peripheral blood and BALF,the positive rate of blood and BALF was 14.3% and 42.9%,respectively(P

OBJECTIVE To investigate the present situation of the nosocomial infection in our hospital in order to decrease the infection rate. METHODS A total of 40 554 patients were inspected from Oct 2004 to Sept 2005.There were 626 patients with nosocomial infection. RESULTS The nosocomial infection was 1.54%.Old patients were the main components.The longer they were in hosptial,the more risk of infection they had.Elder monitoring department and hematological department were the most common infected units.Respiratory tract was the most common infected site of the body.The entity of disease for the most infection was malignant tumor.Invasive treatment was one of the causes for the infection. CONCLUSIONS The infection rate of our hospital was relatively low.We should establish the system to control the infection.Use the advanced statistical software well be to aid the control and discover the anti-infection deficiency from the statistical view-point.

OBJECTIVE To summarize the infection cases and the factors causing site infection after operations,and investigate the measures to prevent and reduce exogenous incision infection.METHODS Discharged patients from Jan 1st,2003 to May 31st,2006 in our hospital were investigated for retrospective analysis on incision infection cases.RESULTS Totally 111 incision infection cases were reported from 54 286 cases.The nosocomial infection rate in this cohort was 0.21%(111/54 286),which was 33.44% of total surgical incision infection cases.CONCLUSIONS Incision infection is one of the most commonly encountered concomitant symptoms,it is as well the bottleneck for our hospital to reduce average stay length of surgical patients and patients′ hospitalization expenses,and to speed up turnover of beds.Incision infection rate is also an important criterion to evaluate the management quality and medical technology quality within and among hospitals.Effective measures should be taken to decrease incision infection rate and to resolve the problem that is difficult to hospitalize and expensive to treat.

Objective To investigate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on myocardial NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with hemorrhagic shock (HS).Methods Forty adult male rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =10 each):sham operation group (Sham group),sham operation + NaHS group (Sham + NaHS group),HS group and HS + NaHS group.HS was induced by withdrawing blood from the femoral artery.After HS,NaHS 28 μmol/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 10 min before resuscitation in groups HS + NaHS and Sham + NaHS.MAP was monitored and recorded at 0,1.5,2,3,4 and 6 h after blood-letting.The rats were then sacrificed and hearts were removed for determination of phosphorylated IKKβ (pIKKβ),IκBα (pIκBα),NF-κB p65 (pNF-κB p65) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and for examination of myocardial ultrastructure with light and electron microscope.Results Compared with Sham and Sham + NaSH groups,MAP was significantly decreased and the expression of pIKKβ,pIκBα,pNF-κB p65 and HMGB1 was up-regulated in HS and HS + NaHS groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with HS group,MAP was significantly increased and the expression of pIKKβ,pIκBα,pNF-κB p65 and HMGB1 was down-regulated in HS + NaHS group (P ＜ 0.05).The pathologic changes were attenuated in HS + NaHS group compared with group HS.Conclusion Exogenous hydrogen sulfide can attenuate myocardial injury induced by HS through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway and reduction of inflammatory response.

Objective To evaluate the role of δ opioid receptor in the brain injury following asphyxial cardiac arrest-resuscitation in rats.Methods Ninety-six pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 300-350 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =24 each):sham operation group (group S),asphyxial cardiac arrest-resuscitation group (group M),δ opioid receptor agonist BW373U86 group (group B) and δ opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole group (group N).Cardiac arrest was induced by clamping the tracheal tube for 8 min.Mechanical ventilation with pure oxygen was performed.Epinephrine 0.02 mg/kg and 5％ NaHCO3 1 mg/kg were injected intravenously as soon as chest compression was started.Appearance of spontaneous breathing and MAP ＞ 50 mm Hg (lasting for more than 10 min) were considered to be signs of successful recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).BW373U86 and naltrindole 1 mg/kg were injected via the femoral vein immediately after ROSC in groups B and N,respectively,while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in groups S and M.Neurological deficit score (NDS) was evaluated at 3,24 and 72 h after ROSC.The rats were then sacrificed,brains were isolated and the hippocampus was obtained for detection of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB)mRNA by RT-PCR.The histological grading (HG) of neurons and number of survival neurons in hippocampal CA1 region were determined at 72 h after ROSC.Results Compared with group S,the expression of BDNF and TrkB mRNA was significantly up-regulated,HG was increased,and NDS and the number of survival neurons were decreased in groups M,B and N (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group M,the expression of BDNF and TrkB mRNA was significantly up-regulated in group B,the expression of BDNF and TrkB mRNA was down-regulated in group N,and HG was significantly decreased,and NDS and the number of survival neurons were increased in groups B and N (P ＜ 0.05).NDS was significantly lower,the number of survival neurons was smaller,the expression of BDNF and TrkB mRNA was lower,and HG was higher in group N than in group B (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Activation of δ opioid receptor can reduce the brain injury following asphyxial cardiac arrest-resuscitation in rats and the mechanism may be related to up-regulation of BDNF and TrkB after activation of δ opioid receptor.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonic elastography (UE) in benign and malignant thyroid nodules by Meta analysis. Methods Computer was used to search China national knowledge infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang database, and relevant Chinese articles about UE in assessing diagnostic accuracy of benign and malignant thyroid nodules were collected. According to the diagnostic test criteria recommended by Cochrane Screening and Diagnostic Test Group, the literatures were screened and feature information was included in the study. The quality evaluation tool of diagnostic test accuracy(QUADAS-2) was used to assess the quality of the literatures; Meta analysis was performed with Meta-DiSc 1.4 software, and receiver operating characteristic curve(SROC) was drawn. Results According to the key words, two hundred and thirty-one articles were retrieved initially, and finally 16 articles were included after screening; the quality of five articles was grade A; eight was grade B; and three was grade C. Sixteen articles contained 1 325 patients with 1 641 thyroid nodules. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.87 [95%confidence interval (CI): 0.84 - 0.89] and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.82 - 0.86), respectively; the pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.85 (95%CI:4.47-7.65) and 0.17(95%CI:0.13 - 0.21), respectively; the area under the curve of SROC was 0.93, standard error(SE) =0.01. Conclusion The results of meta-analysis suggest that UE has high value in the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of tamsulosin with nifedipine for medical expulsive therapy (MET) in patients with lower ureteral stones (LUS).Methods Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) in comparison of tamsulosin and nifedipine in treatment of LUS published in Pubmed, Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,CBM, Wanfang and VIP from databases establishment to July 2015 were retrieved.According to Cochrane handbook, the quality of included RCTs were assessed, and the relevant data including the number of participants, stone size, stone expulsion rate, time to stone expulsion, drug-related side effect,the incidence of ESWL or ureteroscopy lithotripsy (URSL) after MET and analgesic dose were extracted by two reviewers independently.The statistical software RevMan 5.2 was used for meta-analysis with regard to the stone expulsion rate, the incidence of ESWL or URSL and adverse effects.This study lasted more than one month from June to July 2015.Results A total of 13 RCTs with 4 831 patients were eligible.The results showed that the stone expulsion rate and the incidence rate of ESWL or URSL after MET were 92％ (2 221/2 423) and 8％ (27/333) in the tamsulosin group,and 73％ (1 748/2 408) and 20％ (67/328) in the nifedipine group.There are statistically significant differences (RR =1.24,95 ％ CI 1.13-1.37, P ＜ 0.05;RR =0.40,95 ％ CI 0.27-0.60, P ＜ 0.05, respectively).The subgroup analysis indicated no statistically significant differences in drug-related adverse effects between tamsulosin and nifedipine with 5％ (99/1 804)and 7％ (117/1 796) minor adverse effects respectively and less than 1％ severe adverse effects in both groups (RR =0.85,95％ CI 0.65-1.10, P =0.21;RR =0.49,95 ％ CI 0.09-2.59, P =0.40).Conclusion Compared to nifedipine, tamsulosin has higher stone expulsion rate and lower incidence rates for ESWL or URSL.Since there was no obvious adverse effects, tamsulosin could be considered as a preferable option for patients with LUS.