Objective: To study the mechanism of Qilantangzhining Capsule in treating diabetes mellitus complicated with hyperlipemia. Method: Rats were fed with high sugar and fat food for 2 months, and then 2% streptozocin (STZ, 30mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to induce hyperglycemic and hyperlipemic model. Thereafter, the model rats were administrated the drug. Flow cytometry (FCM) were used to detect effects of the capsule on hepatocyte apoptosis and the expression of related regulating genes, Bax and Bcl-2. Result: The rate of cell apoptosis remarkably increased among the model rats, the expression of Bax was significantly enhanced and that of Bcl-2 was decreased. Qilantangzhining Capsule could remarkably decrease the rate of cell apoptosis, decrease the expression of Bax, and increase that of Bcl-2. Conclusion: Qilantangzhining Capsule can prevent hepatocyte apoptosis by adjust the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, and accordingly provide evidences for its role in adjusting the metabolic disorders of sugar and fat.

The article emphasizes to expound the correlative characteristic theory of science of Tujia herbs from nation and district,concept and attribute of subject,medical foundament,basic theory(denomination feature,nature and class of herb),application(preparation,compatibility,contraindications,dosage,administration and pharmacotherapy) and so on,and analyzes the various objective existing differences between science of Tujia herbs and Chinese materia medica,reveals the mirror meaning between the two traditional materia medica systems,and defines the concept of "science of Tujia herbs" for the first time,then lets scholars recognize and understand the science of ethno-medicines of China more completely,and provids some study ideas for research on ethnic medicine.

The‘eighteen clashes’and‘nineteen fears’have been tought of traditional prohibited combination in long time,but many examples show ginseng and trogopterus dung could be safely used after compatibility,so many scholars fouce on the essential of compatibility.While people can not reach an accordant consideration for compatibility of Ginseng with Trogopterus Dung,therefore we have a overview based on documents for about 30 years,which will provide evidences for researching systematically on the nature of compatibility of Ginseng with Trogopterus Dung.

To better standardize clinical standard of medicinal materials and cut crude drugs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition, Volume I) and finish compiling work of relevant matching book named Clinical Guide to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, based on analyzing the problems in clinical standard of medicinal materials and cut crude drugs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition, Volume I), feasibly practicable revising suggestion of standardizing clinical standard of medicinal materials and cut crude drugs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition, Volume I) is proposed.
China ; Drug and Narcotic Control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Pharmacopoeias as Topic

This research has analyzed the current status, problems for the properties theory of Chinese medicinal herbs. Proposed that the Chinese medicine literature research is a foundation, the research of properties theory of Chinese medicinal herbs should under the'Chinese medicine theory instruction. It must use the modern scientific method to study and unify the Chinese medicine superiority, establish the standards and reveal the scientific essence of Chinese medicine property.
Animals ; Drug Therapy ; trends ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; trends ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for standardizing the names and definitions for the processing methods of"gener-al principles for processing"in reprinted Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS:Comparing with the Processing of Chinese Mate-ria,Beijing Processing Specification for TCM Decoction Pieces,Shennong Bencaojing and National Processing Specification for Chinese Herbal Medicine,parts of the name and definition problems for processing methods of"general principles for processing"in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition,Vol Ⅳ) were analyzed,and suggestions were put forward. RESULTS:The definitions of partial items in the"general principles for processing"in Chinese Pharmacopoeia remained to be normalized and operability re-mained to be improved. For example,the definitions of stir-frying,stir-frying with wine,stir-frying with vinegar,stir-frying with salt and stir-frying with honey were not accurate,so as the steaming. The name of the processing method under the term of decoc-tion pieces was not identified,there was deviation in the scope of crystallizing definition,and amount of pharmaceutic adjuvant was not worthy to be generalized. CONCLUSIONS:When generalizing and defining the processing methods for all TCM decoction pieces,Chinese Pharmacopoeia should give consideration to the popularity,accuracy and universality.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the efficacy difference of gypsum in oral and external prescriptions,so as to provide reference for safe and effective drug use in clinic. METHODS:According to Chinese Medical Classics(electronic books)and Selected Dictionary of Chinese Medical Prescriptions,the prescriptions containing gypsum from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Modern Times (up to 1979)were summarized;the regularity of clinical use of gypsum by physicians in past dynasties were analyzed. RESULTS:A total of 682 prescriptions containing gypsum were collected. According to the time,there were 169 prescriptions of the Song Dynasty (24.8％)and 152 prescriptions of the Qing Dynasty(22.3％);there were 138 prescriptions of the Ming Dynasty(20.2％)and 118 prescriptions of the Modern Times(up to 1979,17.3％);there were 53 prescriptions of the Jin and Yuan Dynasty(7.8％)and 52 prescriptions of the Han Dynasty,the Jin Dynasty,Northern and Southern Dynasties,and Tang Dynasty(7.6％). Gypsum mainly showed the efficacy of clearing heat-fire,relieving restlessness and slaking thirst,promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration, astringing dampness and stopping bleeding,etc. Among them,there were 516 prescriptions of clearing heat-fire (75.7％),69 prescriptions of relieving restlessness and slaking thirst(10.1％),56 prescriptions of promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration (8.2％),20 prescriptions of astringing dampness and stopping bleeding(2.9％),21 prescriptions of other efficacy(tooth fixation, cosmetology,health care and so on,3.1％). This indicated that the effect of gypsum was mainly clearing heat-fire;gypsum could treat heat-induced disease by combining with other drugs. It could be used in following prescriptions,such as yangming heat syndrome, syndrome of flaring heat in Qifen and Xuefen(Ying),Qifen fever complicated with syndrome of deficiency of Qi and Yin,other meridians complicated with excess-heat syndrome,miscellaneous dosease due to internal injury. In addition,gypsum could be cyed erally or externally,and it can be taken orally after being calcined. CONCLUSIONS:By studying the prescriptions of gypsum used by physicians in past dynasties,it can promote the further use of gypsum,and give better play its clinical efficacy.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Hoveniae Semen， Flos Puerariae and their combinations on acute alcoholic liver disease and provide a scientific basis for the drug use in clinical practice and the research on other alcoholic diseases. MethodThe acute alcoholic liver injury model of mice was established by one-time gavage with 56% （V/V） Hongxing Erguotou liquor （12 mL·kg^-1）. One hundred and twenty male ICR mice were randomly assigned into blank group， model group， silybin group， Flos Puerariae group， Hoveniae Semen group， and Flos Puerariae-Hoveniae Semen combination groups （ratios of 1∶1， 1∶2 and 2∶1， respectively）， with 15 mice in each group. Each group was administrated with 10 mL·kg^-1 corresponding preventive drugs for 3 days by gavage. Except the blank group， the other groups were given Erguotou liquor by gavage at 12 mL·kg^-1. The mice were sacrificed 12 h after drinking for the observation of liver function and oxidative stress. The pathological changes of liver were observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Western blot was employed to determine the expression levels of proteins in the Kelch-like Ech-associated protein 1 （Keap1）/nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/antioxidant response element （ARE） signaling pathway. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect mRNA levels of related genes. ResultCompared with control group， the modeling elevated the levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and alkaline phosphatase （ALP） in the serum and the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） and reactive oxygen species （ROS） in liver tissue （P<0.01） and decreased the activities of glutathione （GSH） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of Keap1 were significantly increased （P<0.05，P<0.01）， mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with model group， Flos Puerariae-Hoveniae Semen 2∶1 lowered the levels of ALT， AST and ALP in the serum （P<0.01） and MDA and ROS in the liver （P<0.01）， and increased the activities of GSH and SOD （P<0.01）. Moreover， it alleviated the hepatic steatosis injury， up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 （P<0.01）， and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of Keap1 （P<0.01）. ConclusionFlos Puerariae， Hoveniae Semen and their combinations may exert the pre-protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice by regulating the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway in the liver and restoring the liver oxidative balance destroyed by ethanol to inhibit the development of alcoholic liver disease .

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between Kansui Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in the Gansui Banxiatang based on cytochrome P450 （CYP450） enzyme and ascites rats. MethodA total of 150 Wistar rats were randomized into blank group （distilled water， ig）， model group （distilled water， ig）， Gansui Banxiatang group （5.68 g·kg^-1·d^-1， ig）， Gansui Banxiatang without Kansui Radix group （5.57 g·kg^-1·d^-1， ig）， Gansui Banxiatang without Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma group （4.01 g·kg^-1·d^-1， ig）， and Gansui Banxiatang without Kansui Radix And Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma group （3.90 g·kg^-1·d^-1， ig）， with 25 rats in each group. The Gansui Banxiatang was composed of 1.1 g Kansui Radix， 9 g Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum， 15 g Paeoniae Radix Alba， 16.7 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma praeparata cum melle， and 15 g honey. The rats， except for the blank group， were injected （ip） with Walker-256 cells to induce cancerous ascites. The administration lasted 7 days for each group. The concentration of probe drugs was detected by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and based on the metabolic rates of the drugs， the CYP450 enzyme activity was yielded. The CYP450 enzyme gene expression was determined by Real-time PCR， and CYP450 enzyme protein expression by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group showed high activity of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9， low activity of CYP2E1， CYP2C19， and CYP3A4， low mRNA expression of CYP2E1， CYP2C19， CYP2C9， and CYP3A4， and low protein expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， Gansui Banxiatang group displayed low activity of CYP2C9 and high expression of CYP3A4 mRNA （P<0.01）， and Gansui Banxiatang without Kansui Radix group demonstrated low activity of CYP1A2， high activity of CYP2E1 and CYP3A4， high mRNA expression of CYP1A2， CYP2E1， CYP2C19， and CYP3A4， and high protein expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 （P<0.05）. In comparison with the model group， the Gansui Banxiatang without Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma group showed low activity of CYP2C9， high activity of CYP3A4， and high mRNA expression of CYP2E1 and CYP2C19 （P<0.05）， and Gansui Banxiatang without Kansui Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma group had low activity of CYP2C9， high activity of CYP3A4， and high CYP3A4 mRNA expression （P<0.01）. The activity of CYP2E1， CYP2C9， and CYP3A4 was higher， and the mRNA expression of CYP1A2， CYP2C19， and CYP3A4 and CYP3A4 protein expression were higher in the Gansui Banxiatang without Kansui Radix group than in the Gansui Banxiatang group （P<0.05）. The activity of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4， and CYP2C19 mRNA were higher and mRNA expression of CYP3A4 was lower in the Gansui Banxiatang without Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma group than in the Gansui Banxiatang group （P<0.05）. The activity of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in the Gansui Banxiatang without Kansui Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma group was higher than that in the Gansui Banxiatang group （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe four prescriptions all showed certain efficacy in the perspective of CYP450 enzyme， among which Gansui Banxiatang without Kansui Radix had the best effect and was better than Gansui Banxiatang. The Kansui Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma did not show antagonism in Gansui Banxiatang， but reduced the effect. Thus， in this study， the medicinal pair may show mutual inhibition.

ObjectiveTo explore the improvement effect of Flos Puerariae， Hoveniae Semen， and their compatibility on acute alcoholic gastric mucosal injury， and lay a foundation for further development of Flos Puerariae， Hoveniae Semen， and their compatibility in the prevention and treatment of alcohol-induced multiple organ injury. MethodThe acute alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury model of mice was established by multiple intragastric administration of 56% Hongxing Erguotou liquor （15 mL·kg^-1）. A total of 120 male ICR mice were randomly divided into 8 groups， namely， the blank group， model group， omeprazole group （0.026 g·kg^-1）， Flos Puerariae-Hoveniae Semen （compatibility） high， medium， and low-dose groups （29.2，14.6， 7.3 g·kg^-1）， Flos Puerariae group （19.5 g·kg^-1）， and Hoveniae Semen group （19.5 g·kg^-1）， with 15 mice in each group. After one week of adaptive feeding， the animals were pre-administrated with the corresponding drug at the rate of 10 mL·kg^-1 for 3 d. From the 4^th day， after 1 h of administration， Erguotou liquid was administrated at the rate of 15 mL·kg^-1 and the blank group was administrated with the same volume of deionized water to record the drunkenness and sober up time. The administration was lasted for 3 d. One hour after the last administration， the eyeballs were removed and the mice were sacrificed. The concentration of ethanol in serum was determined by gas chromatograph， and the activity of ethanol dehydrogenase （ADH） in gastric mucosa was determined by ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometer. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes in gastric mucosa. Serum inflammatory factors were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The mRNA expression of nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB） p65 and NF-κB inhibitory protein α （IκBα） were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultAs compared with the normal group， the content of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in serum of mice in the model group was increased （P<0.05）， the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 in gastric mucosa tissues was increased （P<0.01）， and the mRNA expression of IκBα was decreased （P<0.01）. As compared with the model group， the drunkenness time of the omeprazole group， high and medium-dose compatibility groups， and Flos Puerariae group was prolonged （P<0.05）， the sober up time of the high and medium-dose compatibility groups was shortened （P<0.05）， the ethanol concentration in the serum of the high-dose compatibility group was decreased （P<0.05）， the ADH activity in the gastric mucosa of the omeprazole group and high and medium-dose compatibility groups was increased （P<0.05）， the macroscopic injury score of the high， medium， and low-dose compatibility groups and Flos Puerariae group was decreased （P<0.05）， the score of pathological injury in the omeprazole group， high， medium， and low-dose compatibility groups， and Flos Puerariae group was decreased （P<0.01）， the expression of IL-6 in serum of all drug groups was decreased （P<0.05）， the expression of IL-1β in serum of the omeprazole group， high， medium， and low-dose Flos Puerariae groups， and Hoveniae Semen group was decreased （P<0.05）， the expression of TNF-α in serum of high and medium-dose groups was decreased （P<0.05）， the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 in gastric mucosa tissues of all drug groups was decreased （P<0.05）， and the mRNA expression of IκBα in gastric mucosa tissues of the omeprazole group and high， medium， and low-dose compatibility groups was increased （P<0.05）. As compared with the high-dose compatibility group， the drunkenness time in the low-dose compatibility group and Hoveniae Semen group was shortened （P<0.01）， the sober up time in the Flos Puerariae and Hoveniae Semen groups was prolonged （P<0.01）， the concentration of ethanol in the serum of the medium and low-dose compatibility groups， Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group increased （P<0.05）， the macroscopic injury score of the medium and low-dose compatibility groups and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.05）， the pathological injury score of the medium and low-dose compatibility groups， Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.01）， the content of IL-1β in serum of low-dose compatibility group， Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.01）， and the mRNA expression of IκBα in gastric mucosa of the Flos Puerariae group and Hoveniae Semen group was decreased （P<0.05）. As compared with the medium-dose compatibility group， the drunkenness time in the Hoveniae Semen group was shortened （P<0.05）， the sober up time in the Flos Puerariae group was prolonged （P<0.05）， the pathological injury score in the Flos Puerariae group and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.01）， and the content of IL-1β in serum of the low-dose compatibility group， the Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.05）. As compared with the low-dose compatibility group， the pathological injury score of the Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionFlos Puerariae， Hoveniae Semen， and their compatibility play a role in preventing and treating acute alcoholic gastric mucosal injury in mice， which may be related to the inhibition of the expression of NF-κB signal pathway in gastric mucosa， and the high-dose compatibility group has the optimal effect.