AIM:To investigate the effects of ethane 1,2-dimethanesulfonate (EDS) preconditioning on renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.METHODS: Male SD rats (n=48) were ran-domly assigned to 6 groups:blank, sham, I/R, EDS+I/R, EDS+testosterone (TST) +I/R, and castration (Cast)+I/R.The renal pedicles were bilaterally occluded with a microvascular clamp for 45 min to establish renal I/R-induced in-jury model.Bilateral orchiectomy was conducted 2 weeks before surgery .EDS (75 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 5 d before operation .Blood samples were collected 24 h after reperfusion from the vena orbitalis posterior plexus .Luteinizing hormone (LH), TST, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were detected.The renal tissues were harvested to measure the level of TNF-αand the expression of Fas mRNA and caspase-3 protein.RESULTS:Serum TST levels in EDS +I/R group and Cast +I/R group were below the minimum detectable threshold.Compared with other groups , the rats in EDS+I/R group and Cast +I/R group had higher levels of SCr , BUN and KIM-1 (P<0.05).SCr and BUN levels showed no significant difference between EDS +I/R group and Cast +I/R group (P>0.05), but KIM-1 level in EDS+I/R group was lower than that in Cast +I/R group (P<0.05).After reper-fusion for 24 h, the levels of TST and LH in EDS +I/R group, Cast+I/R group and EDS+TST+I/R group were lower than those 1 h before operation (P<0.05).Compared with Cast+I/R and I/R group, the TNF-αlevel and expression of Fas mRNA and caspase-3 protein were significantly decreased in EDS +I/R group ( P<0.05 ) .CONCLUSION: EDS preconditioning substantially reduces the serum TST level , thus attenuating I/R-induced acute renal injury .TNF-α-induced Fas/FasL pathway may be involved in this process .

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the trend of burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in China between 1990 and 2015. Methods: Data were collected from the results of 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study. We arranged and analyzed the mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) for IHD by sexes, ages and provinces (excluding Taiwan, China) in China between 1990 and 2015. The age-standardized rates were determined using the average world population age structure in the period of 2010-2035 as a reference, and the changes of the related indicators were calculated. Results: In 2015, IHD caused 1 461 thousand deaths, and its age-standardized death rate was 114.8 per 100 000. Number of DALYs from IHD were 25 765 thousand in 2015, with the age-standardized DALY rate at 1 760.2 per 100 000. From 1990 to 2015, the age-standardized death rate for IHD in China increased by 13.3% but age-standardized DALY rate decreased by 3.9%. Number of IHD DALYs among male (16 664 thousand) was higher than it among female (9 101 thousand) in China in 2015, and 83.5% of total DALYs from IHD occurred among people aged over 50 years old. Province with highest age-standardized death rate was Heilongjiang, with rate at 187.4 per 100 000 in 2015. Qinghai (54.0%) increased most and Macao (-52.3%) decreased most from 1990 to 2015. Province with highest age-standardized DALY rate was Xinjiang, with rate at 3 040.8 per 100 000 in 2015. Qinghai (33.2%) increased most while Macao (-59.0%) decreased most between 1990 and 2015. Conclusion Burden of IHD in China increased remarkably from 1990 to 2015, especially among males and people aged over 50 years old. The differences among provinces were obvious.