Exercise can improve cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which may involve in synaptic plasticity. This paper reviewed the benefit of exercise on AD, the synaptic plasticity in AD, and the effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity.

Objective To investigate the effects of low intensity treadmill training on spatial learning and memory and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in hippocampus in mice. Methods 24 female C57BL/6J mice of 3 months were assigned into control group (n=12) and exercise group (n=12). They were assessed with Morris Water Maze task 5 months after exercise. The GSK-3β protein and mRNA expressed in hippocampus were determined 1 week after the task. Results The latency and path length to escape onto the hidden platform decreased in the exercise group (P<0.05), while the cross times increased (P<0.05) compared with the control group. The level of GSK-3β mRNA decreased (P<0.05) and ratio of p-GSK-3β-Ser9 to GSK-3β increased (P<0.05) as well. Conclusion Low intensity treadmill exercise may improve the spatial learning and memory in mice, which may down-regulate the expression and activity of GSK-3β.

Objective To compare clinical outcomes of minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis (MIPO) and intramedullary nail stabilization in treatment of acute humeral shaft fractures. Methods From March 2007 to January 2009, 52 patients were treated in our department for acute fractures of middle and lower humeral shaft. Twenty-seven were treated with MIPO technique (group A) and 25 with intramedullary nail (group B) . In group A, there were 15 men and 12 women, aged from 18 to 65 years (average, 36. 7 years); in group B, there were 16 men and 9 women, aged from 25 to 63 years (average,39. 4 years). Operation time, amount of blood transfusion, hospital stay, time for union, complications, Mayo scores of the elbow and Constant scores of the shoulder were recorded in both groups and compared statistically. Results The mean follow-up time was 17. 8 months (range, 16 to 36 months) . There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in operation time, amount of blood transfusion, hospital stay, time for union, and Mayo scores of the elbow ( P > 0. 05) . There was no case of postoperative iatrogenic radial nerve palsy or non-union in group A, but there were 4 cases of non-union, 2 cases of iatrogenic radial nerve palsy and one case of varus malunion in group B. Compared with group B, group A showed significant advantages in rate of postoperative non-union and Constant scores of the shoulder functional recovery ( P < 0. 05) . Conclusion In treatment of humeral shaft fractures, MIPO technique has advantages of less operative invasion, quick bone union, satisfactory shoulder functional recovery and low risk of postoperative palsy of the iatrogenic radial nerve.

Lactate is considered a dead-end product of glycolysis.Its generation and accumulation promotes tumor growth and metastasis,and it is related to the poor prognosis of tumor.But recent studies have found,tumor cells can also uptake and utilize lactate.With the recent advances in tumor metabolism and gene therapy,lactate is a potential therapeutic target in tumors.

Because of the complex pathogenesis and progressive development,it is difficult to define the optimal surgical time and procedure for chronic pancreatitis.The individualized treatment of chronic pancreatitis should resect the inflammatory mass of the head of the pancreas and preserve the pancreatic parenchyma to postpone the injury of pancreatic function and improve life quality as well as decrease the risk for carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer.Conservative and endoscopic treatment can be considered in the early stage,while surgical intervention should be applied for chronic pancreatitis with stenosis or obstruction of pancreatic duct and calcification of the pancreatic parenchyma.Frey procedure can be performed on patients only with stone in or dilation of pancreatic duct ; patients with obvious inflammatory mass or calcification of the head of the pancreas should receive Beger procedure to decrease the morbidity of pancreatic cancer.

Objective To explore the application value of gastrointestinal reconstruction by continuous jejunum interposition after total gastrectomy.Methods A retrospective analysis in March 2006 to March 2012 was performed in 60 patients with gastric underwent continuous jejunal interposition after total gastrectomy.Results There were no operation death and anastomotic fistula.Follow-up for 12-24 months,some patients had mild reflux esophagitis,generation of gastric capacity of more than 300 ml,emptying time of 30-100 min.The quality of life was improved after operation.Conclusions Continuous jejunal interposition pouch is safe and reliable,with satisfactory effect of digestive tract reconstruction.

As a tool, cholelithiasis animal models have become an important platform for pathogenetic, preventative, diagnostic and therapeutic research. As biliary calculus formation has a close relationship with dysfunction of hepatic and biliary systems, inability of lipid metabolism homeostasis and impairment of immunologic barriers, increasing studies have been carried out with the use of animal models in these fields. Animal genetic susceptibility to cholelithiasis has greatly attracted people's attention in recent years and cholelithiasis animal models have been used in Chinese traditional medicine development and authentication. Furthermore, reports on invasive and traumatic research have been published in which large animal models were used. It is supposed that technical progress and scientists' demands would result in wide application of more kinds of cholelithiasis animal models.

Transcription factorhypoxia inducible factor -1(HIF-1)plays a key role in cell adaption to hypoxia(from 21%O2 to 1%O2).Researches have shown that HIF -1 is closely related to occurrence and de-velopment in many malignant cancers .In this paper,we review the effect of HIF -1 in tumor growth,metastasis, apoptosis and angiogenesis .

Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has many advantages than standard multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC),such as small trauma,less postoperative pain,shorter hospital stay,good cosmetic effect,and so on.Especially the satisfying cosmetic result of no abdominal scar is more important.But the SILS is also faced with many difficulties.The operation time of SILS were significantly longer in duration than MLC.The safety and the technical feasibility were lower for the SILS whose operation complications are more than the MLC.The main reason is that the operation field don't exposureis sufficient and the formation of surgical operation triangle is not easy.In order to overcome these difficulties,scholars have used the auxiliary methods of exposing the operative field in various operation,including the penetration of abdomen wall retraction and intraperitonealretractionand abdomen wall retraction.This paper with review the advantages and disadvantages of the above methods aiming to affer more values for clinical doctors in opperating SILS who get more knonledge abont it.