The effects of ginsenosides(including the total ginsenoside extracted from stems and leaves-GNS, ginsenoside extracted from rots-GRS, panaxadiol saPonin-PDS and panaxatriol saponin-PTS) on the activities of Na+, K+-ATPase of dog heart sarcolemma were studied in vivo and in vitro.Both GNS and GRS showed dramatic inhibitory effects on the activities of Na+, K+-ATPase at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg .The activities of Na+, K+-ATPase were also significantly inhibited by PDS and PTS at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. In vitro, all the ginsenosides used in this experiment, at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.10 and 1.00 g/L, Possessed significant inhibitory effects on the activities of dog heart sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase .These results indicated that the enhancement of the contractility of cardiac muscle by ginsenosides is associated with its inhibition on the activities of Na+, K+-ATPase .

In recent years, there is increasing evidence that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) may involve the more generation of reactive oxygen species, and investigations on patients have shown that PD is under a status of oxidative stress. The defense against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species is an essential task within the brain. An important component of the cellular detoxification of reactive oxygen species is the antioxidant glutathione. Consequently, it seems reasonable to propose that increase of brain concentrations of glutathione including glutathione analogs or precursors could be very effective in diminishing the cumulative effects of oxidative damage, and have been investigated as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment and prevention of PD or other neurodegenerative disease.

There are a number of serum biomarkers related with the process of the pathogenesis,destabilization and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque.And thus,it is fairly important in clinical practice to identify vulnerable plaque and predict plaque rupture by detecting the expression of the serum biomarkers.This review aims at giving an overview on recent emerging biomarkers that are related to vulnerable plaque.

Listeria disease (LD) is a zoonosis,caused by Listeria monocytogenes (LM),the main route of transmission is foodborne spread,can cause outbreak.Pregnant women and their fetuses or neonates,older adults,and persons with underlying conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity are at a particularly high risk of invasive listeriosis.The gastroenteritis,meningitis and bacteremia are the common clinical feature.LD in children is rare.It can cause the neonates sepsis and central nervous system infection.Because of the natural resistance to cephalosporins,the choice of antibiotics seemd more important.By this article,LM in children and benefit for clinical work was recognized.

The striatum is involved in diverse behaviors which depend on intact dopaminergic innervation. Recent electrophysiological studies have revealed that dopamine alters both voltage dependent conductances and synaptic transmission, resulting in state dependent modulation of target cells. This review makes clear predictions about how dopamine should alter the responsiveness of striatal neurons to extrinsic excitatory synaptic activity.

In the embryonic period, myosin regulatory light chain (MYL2) plays a pivotal role in the development and function of the heart. A large number of studies have previously confirmed that the mutation of MYL2 gene, also known as MLC2, confers intimate associations with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. MYL2 gene mutation impacts the structure and function of myosin, thereby leading to the occurrence and progression of hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy as well as the following chronic heart failure. Importantly, MYL2 phosphorylation renders crucial effects in the processes of cardiac contraction, ventricular torsion and cardiac function.

A novel teaching pattern of the experimental course of pharmaceutics has been carried out in undergraduate teaching since 2006.Under the experimental teaching pattern,students were activated to initiatively enjoy the interest of scientific research and exploration.The new teaching pattern provided students with good chance for the cultivation of their creative thinking and comprehensive quality.

The effects of saponins extracted from stems & leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer including the total ginsenoside ( GNS) , panaxad-iol saponin ( PDS ) & panaxatriol saponin ( PTS ) on the activities of Ca2+-ATPase & Mg2+-ATPase in rabbit cerebral microsomes were studied in vitro. It was found that GNS & PTS significantly inhibited the activities of Ca2+-ATPase & Mg2+-ATPase. The activity of Ca2+-ATPase was activated by PDS at the concentrations of 10 & 100mg/L, and it dramatically inhibited the activity of Ca2+-ATPase the concentration of 1000mg/L. Furthermore, the activity of Mg2+-ATPase was inhibited by PDS at the concentrations of 100 & 1000mg/L. Chlorpromazine ( 0 .35 & 0 .70 mmol/L ) possessed the inhibitory effects on the activities of both Ca2+-ATPase & Mg2+-ATPase.

Glutamate is the primary excitatory amino acid in the mammal brain. Glutamate transporters perform the regulation of glutamate levels in synaptic cleft. If the glutamate transporters should not be expressed, stopped working, or gone into reverse releasing glutamate from the cytoplasm, there would be an extracellular build up of glutamate. Defective glutamate uptake has been suggested to be important in connection with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of G protein coupled receptors linked to modulation of ion channel functions and multiple second messengers. These receptors are widely distributed throughout the basal ganglia (BG). Studies have demonstrated that these mGluRs subtypes located at various synapses in BG could modulate the release of dopamine and glutamate which correlates with brain area,the subtype selectivity and concentration of the ligands. Metab otropic glutamate receptors have been proposed as potentially new therapeutic targets for Parkinsons disease by providing a method of pharmacologically regulating neurotransmission in the BG.