1. The survey outcome of the comparison of clinical symptoms with some of biochemical parameters of chronic viral hepatitis
Bayarmaa O ; Ganbolor J ; Bekhbold D ; Dagvadorj YA
Health Laboratory 2015;4(1):18-22
Summary:Chronic viral hepatitis clinical symptoms and laboratory test results are varies. The purpose of our survey is to compare the clinical symptoms with some of biochemical parameters. The study was conducted with cross sectional design involving a total of 123 people diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis. A total of 123 patients involved in our survey, 62 (50.4%) patients of them with chronic hepatitis B, 60 (48.7%) patients of them with chronic hepatitis C and 1 (0.8%) patient with co-infection of hepatitis B and C viruses. Most of patients with clinicalsymptoms were high level of biochemical parameters such as AST, ALT, ALP, GGT
2.Current nutrition situation mothers 15-49 years of age, Mongolia
Enkhmyagmar D ; Tuul B ; Ganbolor D ; Davaasuren M ; Bolormaa N ; Enkhmtungalag B ; Batjargal J
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2019;190(4):31-37
Background:
Overweight and obesity are conditions of over nutrition resulting from consumption of more calories
than the body requires leading to excess body fat accumulation. The prevalence of both overweight
and obesity is increasing globally in all age groups in high, middle, and low-income countries and is
largely attributed to the “nutrition transition” with a shift from traditional diets to readily available and
inexpensive high-energy and low-nutrient foods [1].
The move away from traditional to “Junk” foods often occurs at the same time as the move of populations away from daily physical activity and increase in sedentary activities such as time spent in front of a phone, computer, or television, furthering increasing the risk of becoming overweight. People who are overweight or obese are at higher risk for serious health problems including hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, some cancers, and osteoarthritis. The increase in overweight and obesity is accompanied by a dramatic increase in prevalence of these chronic diseases at the global level. While the long-term repercussions of overweight and obesity are severe, they are largely preventable and treatable through healthy diets and healthy lifestyle behaviors [2].
Materials and Methods:
The NNS V was implemented in 21 provinces (aimags) in 4 economic regions (Central, Eastern,
Khangai, and Western) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Given the regional differences in lifestyle
and nutrition status, target populations were stratified into 5 strata based on economic region and
Ulaanbaatar with equal samples drawn from each stratum using a cluster-randomized sampling
design [3]. Total participated 1944 mothers’ years of age who had a child aged 0-59 months.
Ethical considerations :
The survey methodology was discussed at the Scientific Committee of the Public Health Institute
(recently named by National Center for Public Health) and granted the PHI Directors Order on 28th
June, 2016. Ethics approval for conducting the NNS V, including obtaining biological (blood and
urine) samples, was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee under Ministry of Health, Mongolia
on 7th July, 2016 with granted approval to conduct the survey and send blood serum samples to
the VitMin laboratory in Germany. Participation in the survey was voluntary and oral and written
informed consent was obtained from all individuals selected for the survey. Participant confidentiality
was maintained during data collection, data entry, data analysis, and in the dissemination of survey
findings.
Results:
Nearly half of mothers (46.2%) were overweight with 16.5% of mothers obese and 4.1% underweight.
The prevalence of overweight in mothers was highest in rural areas (50.1%), married status (49.3%),
and lowest in Ulaanbaatar (42.3%) compared to other regions (48.6% to 52.6%). The overall
prevalence of anaemia among mothers was 16.2% with highest prevalence amongst Kazakh
(31.9%) and other ethnic minority mothers (25.1%), mothers with secondary education (20.3%) and unemployed mothers (19.9%). Minimum dietary diversity is a proxy indicator for the nutrient content
of a diet based on consumption of at least 5 of 10 food groups.1 People who consume food items
from at least 5 food groups are likely to consume at least 1 animal-source food and items from 2 or more of the fruit and vegetable food groups. In the NNS V, 70.2% of mothers met the minimum dietary diversity requirement with a higher prevalence in urban areas (74.8%) and Ulaanbaatar (77.5%).
Conclusion:
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in mothers of reproductive age is 46.2%, with the highest
percentage of mothers with overweight and obesity being in rural areas (50.1%), which is 5.8
percentage points higher than that of urban mothers. 16.2% of mothers are anemic.
Prevalence of Minimum dietary diversity among mothers is 70.2%. Food consumption is inadequate
in mothers with the primary and secondary education, and in mothers in rural areas, and in poorest
mothers or in mothers with the second and third wealth index.
1FAO and FHI 360. 2016. Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women: A Guide for Measurement. Rome: FAO.
3.Results of a study on breastfeeding practices
Otgonjargal D ; Tuul B ; Davaasuren M ; Bolormaa N ; Ganbolor D ; Batjargal J ; Bayasgalan J
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2021;195(1):31-37
Background:
Breastfeeding is the ideal food source for all newborns globally. Proper feeding of infants and young
children promotes optimal growth and development, especially in the critical window from birth to 2
years of age. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding for the first 2 years of
life protects children from infection, provides an ideal source of nutrients, and is economical and safe.
Objective:
To assess the indicators of infant feeding practices among 0- 23 months old children.
Materials and Methods:
The NNS V was implemented in 21 aimags (provinces) in 4 economic regions (Central, Eastern,
Khangai, Western) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Given the regional differences in lifestyle
and nutrition status, target populations were stratified into 5 strata based on economic region and
Ulaanbaatar with equal samples drawn from each stratum using a cluster-randomized sampling
design [1]. The infant and young child feeding indicators assessed in the NNS V were based on
the mother’s or caretaker’s report of breastfeeding and consumption of foods and fluids by the child
during the day or night prior to being interviewed.
Results:
83.7% of children under 2 years started breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth and though almost all
children were ever breastfed (97.9%), a slightly higher percentage of girls were ever breastfed overall
and within 1 hour of birth. Children 0-5 months were categorized according to whether they were
exclusively breastfed or predominantly breastfed, with the former only allowing vitamins, mineral
supplements, and medicine and the latter also including plain water and non-milk liquids. Among
children 0-5 months of age, 58.3% were exclusively breastfed and 65.3% were predominantly
breastfed, having received other liquids or foods in addition to breast milk. The prevalence of exclusive
breastfeeding was lowest in the 4th wealth index quintile (46.5%) and wealthiest quintile (54.0%)
households.
Conclusions
Exclusive breastfeeding and early initiation of breastfeeding practices are unacceptably low in
Mongolia; 20% of newborns are not breastfed within 1 hour of birth and more than 40% of infants
under 6 months of age are not exclusively breastfed and therefore, not receiving optimum nutritional
and immunity benefits from breast milk. Strengthening IYCF counselling in all regions and wealth quintiles to support women to practice optimal breastfeeding, along with counselling and awareness
of timely and adequate complementary feeding for children under 2 years of age, should be a top
priority for public health and as it is a key strategy to reduce malnutrition in children.
4.Unhealthy food consumption and prevalence of overweight and obesity of school children aged 6-11 years old
Bolormaa N ; Tuul B ; Batjargal J ; Enkhtungalag B ; Bayasgalan J ; Oyundelger D ; Tuvshinbayar B ; Davaasuren M ; Ganbolor D
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2020;194(4):38-45
Background :
Overweight and obesity are conditions of over nutrition resulting from consumption of more calories
than the body requires leading to excess body fat accumulation. The prevalence of both overweight
and obesity is increasing globally in all age groups in high, middle, and low-income countries and is
largely attributed to the “nutrition transition” with a shift from traditional diets to readily available and
inexpensive, low-nutrient unhealthy foods high in energy [1].
The move away from traditional to “junk” foods often occurs at the same time as the move of populations
away from daily physical activity and increase in sedentary activities such as time spent in front of a
phone, computer, or television, furthering increasing the risk of becoming overweight. People who
are overweight or obese are at higher risk for serious health problems including hypertension, heart
disease, stroke, diabetes, some cancers, and osteoarthritis. The increase in overweight and obesity
is accompanied by a dramatic increase in prevalence of above mentioned chronic conditions in the
worldwide. While the long-term repercussions of overweight and obesity are severe, they are largely
preventable and treatable through healthy diets and healthy lifestyle behaviors [2].
Materials and Methods:
The fifth National nutrition survey (NNSV) was implemented in 21 provinces (aimags) in 4 socio-economic regions (Central, Eastern, Khangai, and Western) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Given
the regional differences in dietary patterns and nutrition status, target populations were stratified into
5 strata based on 4 regions and Ulaanbaatar with equal samples drawn from each stratum using a
cluster-randomized sampling design. In total, 1750 school children data on demographic and dietary
information collected by interview methods and anthropometric measurement results were used in
this study.
Ethical considerations:
The survey protocol was discussed at the Scientific Committee of the Public Health Institute (recently
named by National Center for Public Health) and granted by order of director of Scientific committee
of PHI on 28th June, 2016. Ethical approval for conducting the NNS V was obtained from the Medical
Ethics Committee under the Ministry of Health of Mongolia on July 7, 2016. Participation in the survey
was voluntary, oral and written informed consent were obtained from adult caregivers of each children.
Results:
Consumption of unhealthy or junk (high-calorie, low-nutrient) foods in the past week was nearly
universal (99.0%) among school children 6-11 years of age. Over half of children (51.4%) consumed
junk foods at least once per week and 45.7% consumed junk foods a few times a week. Consumption
of sugar-sweetened beverages was high with 80.9% of children consuming these at least once in the
past week. Overall consumption of fried foods was lower than consumption of junk foods or sugar-sweetened beverages with 22.7% of children not consuming any fried foods in the past week and only
8.5% of children consuming fried foods a few times per week. Consumption of sweet foods was high
with nearly all children having consumed sweet foods in the past week, 45.9% of children 6-11 years
having consumed sweet foods a few times per week.
The prevalence of overweight (BMI > +1 SD) was 22.2% and prevalence of obesity (BMI > +2 SD)
was 6.4%. Overweight prevalence was higher in boys (26.6%) compared to girls (17.8%) and in
urban (23.9%) compared to rural (17.6%) areas with the highest prevalence in Ulaanbaatar (25.6%)
compared to other regions. Children 6 years old (26.1%) and 7 years old (25.6%) had a higher
prevalence of overweight than older children.
Conclusion
1. Consumption of unhealthy foods and drinks is common to 6-11 year olds group, with almost all
children (99.2%) consuming any type of unhealthy foods and drinks at least once per week, in
particular, 8 out of 10 children were found consuming sugary drinks and/or deep fried food.
2. The consumption of unhealthy foods was not differing by child’s sex, there were revealed
significant differences between living area and regions. Proportion of the school children 6-11
years of age was relatively higher in Ulaanbaatar city and urban settings.
3. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children aged 6-11years sharply increased
from 2010 NNS IV level and reached 22.2% and 6.4%, respectively. Among children with obesity
consumption of any unhealthy foods and sugary drinks were 1.4–1.9 times higher than nonobese children, respectively.