For decades, coping has undergone intensive investigation through different theoretical lens. In this paper, three theoretical standings in coping research were proposed:namely,the process theory, the trait theory and the situation theory. Relevant research and measurements were introduced. In the end, different perspectives were reevaluated and implication for further research was discussed.

Objective: To explore the effect of perfectionism on depression using anxiety as a controllng variable,and to find possible personality moderators.Methods: 407 undergraduate students from 8 universities in Beijing and Xi'an completed a battery of questionnaires,including Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(FMPS),Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Personality Adjective Checklist(PACL) and Self-rated Anxiety Scale(SAS).Results: Hierarchical Regression Analysis confirmed the effects of two negative perfectionism dimensions hesitating over actions and concerning over mistakes,on depression after controlling anxiety.The effect of organization on depression was moderated by the personality trait of cooperation.Conclusion: Dimensions of perfectionism have diverse effects on depression.Psychological intervention should be carried out according to individual characteristics.

Objective: To study the influencing factors of the rural medical service demand. Methods: The gravity model of medical service demand was derived based on Individual utility function and profit objective function of medical institutions, and the data regression examine model of some county-level and district-level hospital were used. Results: According to the research, the main factors influenced the quantity of medical services come from medical supplies. With the increase of resident disposable income, the elasticity of demand for medical services decreased, while visiting distance of elasticity of demand for medical services increased. Conclusion: To increase the accessibility of medical service, it needs to set meeting the resident’s personal demand as the center, to promote the development of private hospitals. The scale of large hospitals should be limited so as to lead large-scale hospitals to separate low value-added medical services and to promote effective implementation of the treatment classification system.

Objective: To study the antitumor effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP X) and its immunity regulating effect on S 180 bearing mice. Methods: S 180 bearing mice were used as animal model. The effect of LBP X on tumor weight and immune function was observed. Results: LBP X could inhibit the growth of S 180 effectively and increase thymus index, the macrophage phagocytic function, anti SRBC antibody secreted by the spleen cells, lymphocyte proliferation and CTL activity and decrease LPO markedly in S 180 bearing mice. Conclusion: The mechanism of tumor inhibition by LBP X was due to enhance the immune function.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neuron. Insomnia is one of the widespread but underappreciated non-motor symptoms in ALS patients, which may not only seriously affect patients′ quality of life, but also reflect the lesions of central nervous system in ALS. This review summarizes the insomnia symptoms reported in current ALS studies, and summarizes the somatic factors and central nervous system changes associated with insomnia in ALS patients, so as to provide ideas for the development of effective intervention measures and future research.

Objective: To explore the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP-X) on IL-2 and TNF-? gene expressions in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods: RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) was used to detect the gene expressions of IL-2 and TNF-?. Results: LBP-X at 5-40 mg/L upregulated the levels of IL-2 and TNF-? mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after optimal time culture. Conclusion: The immunoenhancing effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide may be associated with its stimulation of IL-2 and TNF-? gene expressions.

Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of MBI-SS and discuss the academic characteristics that affect burnout. Methods: 353 undergraduate students were administrated MBI-SS and Academic Characteristic Survey. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the expected three-factor structure of the adapted versions of the MBI- Students Survey (including Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Reduced Efficacy) fitted to the data. Exploratory factor analyses showed that the Academic Characteristic Survey includes six dimensions. The result of Regression showed that 44.4% variance of student burnout can be explained by Academic Characteristics. Conclusion: Student burnout includes three dimensions: Exhaustion, Cynicism and Reduced efficacy. Academic self-efficacy,academic stress,relationship with teachers and relationship with fellow students are significant predictors for student burnout.

Objective Using Doppler ultrasound measured in femoral artery flow velocity variation rate method to predict fluid responsiveness.Methods 80 patients were measured femoral artery flow velocity variation rate (△Vpeak)by mastering the ultrasound skills of the attending physician.Passive leg raising test (PLR)stroke vol-ume variation (△SV)was used to analyze the peak value of the femoral artery flow velocity,rate of femoral artery peak velocity of respiratory changes,and the results were compared with results of PICCO monitoring to predict patients with their response to the treatment capacity,to evaluate clinical feasibility.Results Reactive groups in the PLR test before the experiment and hemodynamic changes:PLR test reaction group in before the test and test process, HR,MAP,CAP index changes were not obvious (P >0.05),but ultrasonic detection and PICCO detection showed SV and CO varied significantly (t =15.24,P =0.00;t =13.64,P =0.00),the two kinds of methods to forecast results was consistent.In the absence of the anti should patients in PLR test before the experiment and hemodynamic chan-ges:PLR test unreacted group in before the test and test process,HR,MAP,CAP,SV and CO index change were not obvious (all P >0.05).Conclusion By ultrasonic method for measuring femoral artery flow speed variation rate can exactly evaluate the capacity status of critically ill patients,and effectively predict fluid responsiveness,the prediction results and PICOO monitoring results are highly consistent.It is a safe and efficient prediction method,which is worthy of promotion in clinical intensive observation.

Objective To analyze the correlation between the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and the clinicopathologic features of IgA nephropathy .Methods A total of 168 patients diagnosed as IgA nephropathy by renal biopsy in Xinqiao hospital from Janu‐ary 2011 to December 2013 were divided into high expression of dual‐positive Snail and a‐SMA group (Group A ,117 cases) and low expression of dual‐positive Snail and a‐SMA group (Group B ,51 cases) according to results of immunohistochemical method .The clinical parameters (age ,gender ,course of disease ,BMI and chemical indicators) and renal pathology grade were compared by statis‐tical analysis .Results There were difference between group A and group B in the course of disease and BMI(P<0 .05) .There were differences between group A and group B in the incidences of creatinine ,blood urea nitrogen ,serum triglycerides and 24‐hour urine protein amount (P<0 .05) .The percentage of Lee′s grade Ⅰ ,Ⅱ ,Ⅲ in group B was significant ,while percentage of Lee′s gradeⅣ + Ⅴin group A was significant .The expression of Snail and a‐SMA in grade Ⅳ + Ⅴ was more than that in grade Ⅰ + Ⅱ (40 .2%vs .9 .4% ) ,and the difference between two groups was statistically significant (P< 0 .05) .Conclusion The expression of Snail and‐SMA were related with 24‐hour urine protein amount and kidney function in IgA nephropathy ;and Lee′s grade was severe in patients with high expression of Snail and‐SMA .

Objective:In order to investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus cupping method for treating chronic pharyngitis. Methods: Sixty patients with chronic simple pharyngitis were randomly divided into two groups. Thirty cases in the treatment group were treated by acupuncture plus cupping method and 30 cases in the control group by routine anti-inflammatory and antiviral therapy. The clinical effects were observed in the two groups. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group and 80.0% in the control group. The therapeutic effect was significantly better in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture plus cupping method has a good effect for chronic simple pharyngitis.