No abstract available.
Bacteriolysis* ; Galactose* ; Lipopolysaccharides* ; Salmonella typhi* ; Salmonella*

Background and Objectives: Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of D-galactose (D-gal) accelerates aging and develops aging models. A low dose of long-term use and a high dose of short-term use of D-gal can induce natural aging in mice, like brain, cardiac, liver, renal, and skin aging, and erectile dysfunction. Our research aims to determine whether a high dose of short-term use of D-gal. i.p. in rats can induce natural aging and affect the following parameters: body weight (BW), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-reactive protein (CRP), and myostatin. Methods: A daily D-gal i.p. dose of 300 mg/ml/kg for seven days was carried out to induce aging parameters in the rats. After seven days, the body and gastrocnemius circumference of the rats were weighed, and biochemical analysis for SOD, VEGF, CRP, and myostatin in the blood plasma was done. Results: The data obtained were analyzed using nonparametric statistics Friedman test and Mann-Whitney test. After the seven day-intervention, both the control (NaCl 0.9% i.p.) and the high dose of short-term use of D-gal i.p. groups showed no significant difference in the body weight and gastrocnemius circumference. However, D-gal administration could increase the blood plasma level of SOD, VEGF, CRP, and myostatin. Conclusion We conclude that a high dose of short-term intraperitoneal D-galactose can be administrated to induce aging in rat models. The SOD, VEGF, CRP and myostatin can be used as aging parameters.
Aging ; Galactose ; Myostatin ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea ; urine ; Galactose ; urine ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn

In order to provide a foundation for the development and application of Ophiocordyceps gracilis and increase the new resources of cordyceps,an asexual Paraisaria dubia was isolated from an O. gracilis fruit body. After 10 days of liquid fermentation,white globular mycelium and clear transparent fermentation were produced. The mycelium was extracted by hot water and precipitated with ethanol to obtain intracellular crude polysaccharide. The protein was deproteinized to obtain deproteinized polysaccharide. The intracellular pure polysaccharide was purified by Sepharose 4 B column chromatography and were analyzed by UV,IR,1 H-NMR,and13 CNMR data,as well as GC and HPLC. The results showed that the intracellular polysaccharide of P. dubia was composed of glucose,galactose and mannose with a molar ratio of 25. 54 ∶2 ∶1. It was a β-configuration glycosylic bond,containing pyranoside. The initial connection of polysaccharide was β(1→2)(1→4)(1→6) connection. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of P. dubia.
Fungal Polysaccharides ; chemistry ; Galactose ; Glucose ; Hypocreales ; chemistry ; Mannose ; Mycelium ; chemistry

To explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis(MCs)improving renal tubular epithelial cells aging induced by D-galactose,the renal proximal tubular epithelial cells(NRK-52E cells)of rats in vitro were divided into the normal group(N),the D-gal model group(D),the low dose of MCs group(L-MCs),the medium dose of MCs group(M-MCs)and the high dose of MCs group(H-MCs),and treated by the different measures,respectively.More specifically,the NRK-52E cells in each group were separately treated by 1%fetal bovine serum(FBS)or D-galactose(D-gal,100 mmol·L~(-1))or D-gal(100 mmol·L~(-1))+MCs(20 mg·L~(-1))or D-gal(100 mmol·L~(-1))+MCs(40 mg·L~(-1))or D-gal(100 mmol·L~(-1))+MCs(80 mg·L~(-1)).After the intervention for24 h or 48 h,firstly,the effects of D-gal on the protein expression levels of klotho,P27 and P16,the staining of senescence-associatedβ-galactosidase(SA-β-gal)and the activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase(AMPK)/uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1(ULK1)signaling in the NRK-52E cells were detected,respectively.Secondly,the effects of MCs on the activation of the NRK-52E cells proliferation were investigated,respectively.Finally,the effects of MCs on the protein expression levels of klotho,P27,P16and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3),the staining of SA-β-gal and the activation of AMPK/ULK1 signaling in the NRK-52E cells exposed to D-gal were examined severally.The results indicated that,for the NRK-52E cells,D-gal could cause aging,induce the protein over-expression levels of the phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK)and the phosphorylated ULK1(p-ULK1)and activate AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway.The co-treatment of MCs at the medium and high doses and D-gal could significantly ameliorate the protein expression levels of klotho,P27,P16 and the staining of SA-β-gal,suggesting the anti-cell aging actions.In addition,the cotreatment of MCs at the medium and high doses and D-gal could obviously improve the protein expression levels of LC3,p-AMPK,and p-ULK1,inhibit the activation of AMPK/ULK1 signaling and increase autophagy.On the whole,for the renal tubular epithelial cells aging models induced by D-gal,MCs not only has the in vitro actions of anti-aging,but also intervenes aging process by inhibiting autophagy-related AMPK/ULK1 signaling activation,which may be the novel molecular mechanisms of MCs protecting against aging of the renal tubular epithelial cells.
Animals ; Autophagy ; Cordyceps ; Epithelial Cells ; Galactose ; Mycelium ; Rats

OBJECTIVES: To examine the serum levels of degraded monosaccharides in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and to study the clinical significance of degraded monosaccharides in HSP. METHODS: A prospective analysis was performed on 132 children who were diagnosed with HSP from September 2019 to January 2022, and 132 healthy children were enrolled as the control group. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of degraded monosaccharides in serum in both groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficiency of degraded monosaccharides for the diagnosis of HSP. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the HSP group had significantly higher serum levels of mannose, glucosamine, aminogalactose, and galactose (P<0.001). The four degraded monosaccharides had an area under the ROC curve of 0.919, 0.913, 0.832, and 0.932 respectively for the diagnosis of HSP (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children with HSP have higher serum levels of mannose, glucosamine, aminogalactose, and galactose than the healthy population. The levels of degraded monosaccharides may have an important value for the diagnosis of HSP.
Child ; Galactose ; Glucosamine ; Humans ; IgA Vasculitis ; Mannose ; Monosaccharides

PURPOSE: The genetic disturbance of galactosemia is expressed as a cellular deficiency of either galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase(GALT) or galactokinase(GALK) or UDP galactose 4-epimerase(GALE). To find-out the pattern of galactosemia in Korea, we retrospectively analyzed cases of galactosemia detected by neonatal screening program. METHODS: We analyzed medical records of patients who visited Soonchunhyang University Hospital at age of 1 month after showing abnormalities in neonatal screening of galactosemia. For accurate diagnosis, galactose was measured by enzyme immunoassay(EIA) and fluorophotometer, also galactose-1-phosphate by fluorophotometer. Enzyme activities of GALK, GALT and GALE in RBC and galactose-1-phosphate were measured by radioisotope assay(RIA). Beutler test were done. Patients went on a lactose-free diet and follow-up tests for galactose, galactose-1-phosphate level and enzyme activity were performed. RESULTS: 10 patients(male : 6, female : 4) were diagnosed as galactosemia. Two patients had GALK deficiency and two had GALT deficiency. Six were GALE deficient showing the largest number. In two patients with GALK deficiency, GALT and GALE activities were normal but GALK activities showed respectively reduced activity. For GALT deficiency, two patients had low GALT activity in RBC and showed genotype of Duarte 2/G(galactosemia) in DNA analysis. In one patient, GALT activity was normal. Three patients seemed to be heterozygote state of GALE deficiency according to GALE activity levels. Four patients showed GALK hyperactivity. CONCLUSION: GALE deficiency provided the highest number. After lactose-free diet, galactose and galactose-1-phosphate were normaly maintained. Neonatal screening on galactosemia is essential for preventing life-threatening symptoms and an accurate diagnosis is needed for finding out the type of galactosemia which is important for prognosis.
Diagnosis ; Diet ; DNA ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Galactokinase ; Galactose ; Galactosemias* ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Neonatal Screening* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Uridine Diphosphate Galactose

Galactosemia, a term that denotes the presence of galactose in the blood, is the name of rare inborn error of galactose metabolism due to a deficiency of the enzyme galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) and uridine diphosphate-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE). GALT deficiency is the most common and shows the most severe clinical manifestation, including hepatomegaly, cataracts, and mental retardation. The main symptom of GALT deficiency is juvenile cataracts. GALE deficiency has two different forms; benign and severe forms. The benign form has no clinical significance, however, the severe form shows the same clinical manifestations as those of GALT deficiency.
Cataract ; Galactokinase ; Galactose ; Galactosemias* ; Hepatomegaly ; Intellectual Disability ; Metabolism ; Uridine ; UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Naturally occurring coumarin compounds have received substantial attention due to their pharmaceutical effects. Esculetin is a coumarin derivative and a polyphenol compound that is used in a variety of therapeutic and pharmacological strategies. However, its effect on aldose reductase activity remains poorly understood. In this study, the potential beneficial effects of esculetin on lenticular aldose reductase were investigated in galactose-fed (GAL) rats, an animal model of sugar cataracts. Cataracts were induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via a 50% galactose diet for 2 weeks, and groups of GAL rats were orally treated with esculetin (10 or 50 mg/kg body weight). In vehicle-treated GAL rats, lens opacification was observed, and swelling and membrane rupture of the lens fiber cells were increased. Additionally, aldose reductase was highly expressed in the lens epithelium and superficial cortical fibers during cataract development in the GAL rats. Esculetin reduced rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) activity in vitro, and esculetin treatment significantly inhibited lens opacity, as well as morphological alterations, such as swelling, vacuolation and liquefaction of lens fibers, via the inhibition of aldose reductase in the GAL rats. These results indicate that esculetin is a useful treatment for galactose-induced cataracts.
Aldehyde Reductase* ; Animals ; Cataract ; Diet ; Epithelium ; Galactose ; Membranes ; Models, Animal ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rupture

BACKGROUND: A and B transferase are glycosyltransferase that transfer N-acetylgalactosamine and D-galactose to H antigen, respectively and lead to the expression of A and B phenotypes in ABO blood group system. Reduced or no activities of serum A and B transferase were observed in some A and B subgroup individuals. Determining the activities of serum A and B transferase can be useful in discriminating rare A and B subgroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ABO typing, saliva test, adsorption elution test and serum transferase assay were performed on samples from 12 individuals showing ABO discrepancy or weakened cell typing reactions which were referred to the Seoul National University Hospital to confirm their ABO blood types. Serum transferase activity was assayed by determining the ability of serum to convert group O RBCs into A or B cells. RESULTS: Determination of serum ABO transferase activity was useful in the identification of Ael (3 cases), B3 (2 cases), Bm (1 case), Am (1 case), Bx (1 case), O with weakened anti-A or anti-B (3 cases), and A without anti-B due to hypogammaglobulinemia (1 case). CONCLUSION: Determining serum A and B glycosyltransferase activity was proven to be a simple and useful tool for the classification of several ABO subgroups.
ABO Blood-Group System ; Adsorption ; Agammaglobulinemia ; B-Lymphocytes ; Classification* ; Galactose ; Phenotype ; Saliva ; Seoul ; Transferases