BACKGROUND:The national prevalence of goiters in the Philippines was 3.7% in 1987 and 6.7% in 1993. Since then, there has been no follow-up survey on goiter prevalence, nor has there been any national survey on the prevalence of abnormal thyroid dysfunction. The PhilTiDeS is a survey on the prevalence of both goiters and thyroid disorders in the Philippines.
OBJECTIVES:To determine the prevalence of various categories of abnormal thyroid dysfunction among the Filipino non-pregnant adult population and to describe the prevalence of thyroid enlargement in the Philippines in relation to thyroid dysfunction status.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:The PhilTiDes was a substudy of the 2008 National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNHeS), which covered all 17 regions and 80 provinces of the Philippines. It included all Filipino adults 20 years and older, who are non-pregnant and non-lactating. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data on previous diagnosis and current treatment for thyroid disorders, and neck examination by trained field personnel was done to assess the presence of goiter. Blood was extracted, processed and sent to an accredited laboratory for free T4 and TSH testing using micro-particle enzyme immunoassay.
RESULTS: A total of 4897 persons had thyroid function tests. Of these, 417 (8.53%) had thyroid function abnormalities with the most common abnormality being subclinical hyperthyroidism occurring in 5.33%. The other categories had the following prevalence: true hyperthyroidism 0.61% ; true hypothyroidism 0.41%; and subclinical hypothyroidism 2.18%. Majority of the population 4480 (91.47%) had normal thyroid function tests. Of those with subclinical hyperthyroidism, 55% are females with mean age of 48 years (95% CI 45.9-50.1 years) compared with the volunteers with normal thyroid function who were younger (mean age of 43.1, 95% CI 42.5-43.6 years). Out of the 7,227 volunteers who responded to the survey and clinical examination, a total of 674 (8.9%) had goiters. Out of the 674 subjects with goiters, 379 had diffuse enlargement (56%) while the rest had nodular goiter (44%). Among the sub-population (n= 4897) who underwent thyroid function testing, 9% of those with normal thyroid function tests have goiters.
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of thyroid function abnormalities in the Philippines is 8.53% with the greatest proportion of volunteers having subclinical thyroid disease. There is a low prevalence of both true or overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. In the larger survey, it was found that 8.9% of volunteers who were examined had goiters. The etiology of these goiters will need to be ascertained in future studies.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Goiter, Nodular ; Health Surveys ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hypothyroidism ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Philippines ; Prevalence ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Volunteers

Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components across different BMI categories among patients seen at Wellness Center and Obesity and Weight Management Center, St. Luke’s Medical Center Quezon City. Methodology: This was a 3-year retrospective study of patients seen at the institution from 2013 to 2016. The patients were divided according to Asia-Pacific BMI categories and presence of metabolic syndrome was determined as defined by NCEP/ATP III-AHA/NHLBI (2005). Results: This study included a total of 1367 adult patients with the mean age of 53 (SD= 12.4). The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 51.0%. Its prevalence across the different BMI categories are as follows: 29.6 % with Normal BMI (BMI 18.5-22.9 kg/m2), 38.9% in overweight (BMI 23-24.9 kg/m2), 56.9% in Pre-Obese (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2) and 62.4% in Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) subgroup. Presence of central obesity using the Asian cut-off has the highest prevalence among patients with metabolic syndrome across all categories. In the group with normal BMI, hypertension and elevated blood glucose were highest with central obesity being the least common but still with 7.3% of individuals meeting the criteria for central obesity. Conclusion There is high prevalence of metabolic syndrome even in patients with normal BMI. Diagnosis and screening for its individual components should not only be confined to individuals with higher BMI.
Body Mass Index ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Obesity

Introduction: Sulfonylureas (SUs) are commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Philippines. This study aimed to associate genetic variants with poor response to gliclazide and glimepiride among Filipinos. Methodology: Two independent, dichotomous longitudinal substudies enrolled 139 and 113 participants in the gliclazide and glimepiride substudies, respectively. DNA from blood samples underwent customized genotyping for candidate genes using microarray. Allelic and genotypic features and clinical associations were determined using exact statistical methods. Results: Three months after sulfonylurea monotherapy, 18 (13%) were found to be poorly responsive to gliclazide, while 7 (6%) had poor response to glimepiride. Seven genetic variants were nominally associated (p<0.05) with poor gliclazide response, while three variants were nominally associated with poor glimepiride response. For gliclazide response, carboxypeptidase-associated variants (rs319952 and rs393994 of AGBL4 and rs2229437 of PRCP) had the highest genotypic association; other variants include rs9806699, rs7119, rs6465084 and rs1234315. For glimepiride response, 2 variants were nominally associated: CLCN6-NPPA-MTHFR gene cluster – rs5063 and rs17367504 – and rs2299267 from the PON2 loci. Conclusion Genetic variants were found to have a nominal association with sulfonylurea response among Filipinos. These findings can guide for future study directions on pharmacotherapeutic applications for sulfonylurea treatment in this population.
genetic variants ; sulfonylureas ; Filipino ; gliclazide

Objectives: To compare the level of insulin resistance and β-cell function between lean and overweight/obese Filipino patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology: This was a cross-sectional analytical study including newly diagnosed T2DM Filipino patients from St. Luke’s Medical Center - Quezon City. The patients were classified as either lean or overweight/obese. Age, sex, smoking history, anthropometric measures and blood pressure were obtained. Insulin resistance and β-cell function were determined using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). The original model (HOMA1) and the updated model (HOMA2) were used. Results: A total of 80 subjects were included. There were 40 subjects in each group. The overweight/obese subjects had significantly higher mean insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR 9.8±11.7, HOMA2-IR 3.0±2.0) compared to the lean group (HOMA1-IR 2.9±1.5, HOMA2-IR 1.3±0.5). This was consistent in both HOMA1 and HOMA2 (p-values=0.001 and <0.001, respectively). The mean β-cell function of the overweight/obese patients was significantly higher than the lean subjects when using HOMA1 (lean=57.8±35.5, overweight/obese=93.6±66.4, p-value=0.003), but not in HOMA2 (lean=57.6±30.5, overweight/obese=74.8±45.7, p-value=0.051). Overweight/obesity increased HOMA1-IR by 4.0 and HOMA1-B by 46.1 (p-values= 0.002 and <0.001, respectively). Through the use of HOMA2, overweight/obesity increased HOMA2-IR by 1.4 and HOMA2-B by 29.1 (p-values<0.001). Being overweight/obese was also associated with significantly higher odds for developing greater insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR adjOR = 5.6, 95%CI= 1.7-19.2, p-value=0.005; HOMA2-IR adjOR=10.9, 95%CI=3.4-34.9, p-value<0.001) and lower odds for a decreased β-cell function (HOMA1-B adjOR = 0.2, 95%CI = 0.05-0.9, p-value=0.033; HOMA2-B adjOR=0.2, 95%CI=0.04-0.9, p-value=0.043) compared to being lean. Conclusion Newly diagnosed overweight/obese T2DM had higher mean insulin resistance and β-cell function compared to lean T2DM. Overweight/obesity was also associated with higher odds of developing insulin resistance and lower odds for a decreased β-cell function compared to being lean. The overweight/obese T2DM group also had worse metabolic profile manifested by higher FPG, HbA1c, SGPT and blood pressures compared to the lean T2DM group.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Insulin Resistance ; Overweight

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis affects more than half of patients with diabetes. In resource poor areas in the Philippines, access to routine dental visits may be difficult and thus, a selective approach might be needed to identify those who need dental evaluation and management. An easy-to-administer oral health self-report questionnaire was developed in order to predict serious (moderate to severe) periodontitis.
OBJECTIVE: The study aims to determine the validity of the Oral Health Screening Questionnaire for Persons with Diabetes (OHSQPD) in estimating the prevalence of serious periodontitis.
METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional criterion-referenced study of 175 participants with T2DM were included in the study. They were asked to answer the questionnaire and then made to undergo a full dental examination to identify the presence and severity of periodontitis. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under the receiver-operating curve (AUROC) with the dental examination as the gold standard.
RESULTS: Using the questionnaire, the prevalence of serious periodontitis was 61% (106) based on an optimal cut-off score of ?12. At this score, the questionnaire yielded a sensitivity of 80.4% and a specificity of 70.6%, with an AUROC of 0.83.
CONCLUSION: The OHSQPD is a valid tool in detecting serious periodontitis

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged 80 And Over ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Questionnaires ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Periodontitis ; Oral Health ; Philippines

Background: The likelihood of periodontitis among type 2 diabetes is thrice the non-diabetic population and progresses rapidly when uncontrolled. An inexpensive and easy way of dental assessment via self-reported oral health questionnaire has great potential as a screening tool. Objective: This study aims to validate self-reported oral health measures, socio-demographic and medical variables in predicting the severity of periodontitis in Filipino adults with type 2 diabetes. Methodology: The validated self-reported oral health questionnaires created by the CDC Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project was translated into Filipino and used. A cross-sectional study of 180 participants was conducted in a single institution. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine significant predictors of serious periodontitis. Results: Male sex [OR=2.17], low educational status [OR=2.98], poor glycemic control [OR=2.58], less frequent dental visits [OR=2.77] and teeth loss >6 [OR=5.02] were considered to be predictive of serious periodontitis. Self reported oral health variables like gum disease –Q1 [OR=8.33], state of gum health –Q2 [OR=0.39], loose teeth –Q3 [OR=63.0], brushing of teeth –Q4 [OR=0.65], use of mouthwash –Q4 [OR=0.69] and poor tooth appearance –Q5 [OR=48.42] were also shown to be significantly predictive of serious periodontitis. A recommended set of questions and proposed scoring system based on the logistic regression analysis of each predictor’s strength was then formulated. Conclusion The use of specific self-reported oral health questions, certain socio-demographic and medical variables appeared to be highly predictive of serious periodontitis among Filipinos with type 2 diabetes. This provides a cost-effective and rapid method of screening patients who are in need of immediate dental evaluation.
Periodontitis ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dental Care

BACKGROUND. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is common in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients but their association is still an unsettled issue. The aim of this study was to determine the association of MetS with the severity of airflow obstruction.

METHODOLOGY. This was a cross-sectional analytic study of 157 patients with COPD. They were classified using the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (GOLD). MetS was assessed using two well-recognized criteria. Demographics, clinical data, lifestyle-related characteristics, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profile were obtained. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association of MetS with the severity of airflow obstruction.

RESULTS. 40.13% and 17.20% of patients had MetS using the NCEP/ATP III-AHA/NHBLI and IDF criteria, respectively. MetS was not associated with severity of airflow obstruction. Of the MetS components, only elevated blood pressure (BP) was significantly associated with severity of airflow obstruction (GOLD II: OR=3.28, p<0.001; GOLD III: OR=4.04, p=0.2; GOLD IV: OR=6.21, p=0.04). Elevated FBS was also associated with GOLD IV (OR=16.09, p=0.02). Significant factors associated with MetS in COPD patients were body mass index, inhaled steroid, number of pack-years, and GOLD II.

CONCLUSION. MetS is not associated with severity of airflow obstruction. Only certain components of MetS showed significant associations such as elevated BP with GOLD II-IV and elevated FBS with GOLD IV.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged 80 And Over ; Aged (a Person 65 Through 79 Years Of Age) ; Middle Aged (a Person 45-64 Years Of Age)

Background: This study aimed to determine the differences in glycemic control, metabolic parameters (blood pressure control, triglycerides, LDL, HDL) and the presence of nephropathy and/or retinopathy between obese and overweight versus normal body mass index (BMI) type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM). Methodology: This is an analytic cross-sectional study of T2DM patients from outpatient clinics at St. Luke’s Medical Center, Quezon City. Available medical records and laboratory tests were reviewed. Data were analyzed and compared between those overweight and obese versus those with normal BMI based on Asia Pacific Guidelines. Results: A total of 248 patients with T2DM were included in the study. More patients who are obese and overweight have uncontrolled diabetes (p = 0.011), low HDL (p = 0.037) and nephropathy (p = 0.027) compared to those with normal BMI. There were no significant difference between overweight and obese patients versus those with normal BMI with regards to BP control, high LDL, high triglycerides and retinopathy. Conclusion T2DM patients who are obese and overweight have a significantly higher prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes, low HDL and nephropathy compared to those with normal BMI.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Overweight

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the association of Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index with CKD among T2DM patients with concomitant NAFLD.

METHODOLOGY

A single center, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 216 T2DM patients with concomitant NAFLD. Clinical data were obtained via retrospective review of medical charts. The outcome of interest was CKD which was based on self-report obtained from medical charts or estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)RESULTS

Higher FIB-4 index was found to be significantly associated with CKD. Patients with FIB-4 index of 1.45-3.25 (moderate risk) and >3.25 (high risk) have about 3 times higher odds of CKD. However, after controlling for the significant confounders, only those who belong to high-risk group was found to be associated with CKD.

CONCLUSION

This study has demonstrated that FIB4 index > 3.25, an index of liver fibrosis, is significantly associated with development of CKD in T2DM patients with concomitant NAFLD.

Human ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Chronic Kidney Diseases ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

Sheehan’s syndrome is characterized by hypopituitarism following ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland caused by postpartum hemorrhage and impaired blood supply to the enlarged pituitary gland during pregnancy. The worldwide prevalence has since decreased due to improvements in obstetric care. Behavioral change is a rare presentation and is often misdiagnosed and managed as psychosis. We report a 42-year-old woman presenting with behavioral changes associated with postpartum failure of lactation and amenorrhea. Hormonal work-up revealed panhypopituitarism; serum cortisol, 98.93 (NV: 138–690 nmol/L); free T4, less than 5.15 (NV: 11.5–23.00 pmol/L); free T3, less than 2.30 (NV: 2.89–4.88 pmol/L); FSH, 3.63 (NV: 30–135 mIU/mL); LH, 3.88 (NV: 13–80 mIU/mL); serum estradiol, 3.89 (NV: 10.41–35.0 pg/mL); IGF-1, 13.13 (NV: 56–194 ng/mL); and serum prolactin, 1.8 (NV: 2.6–24.8 ng/mL). Cranial MRI with contrast revealed an atrophic pituitary gland consistent with Sheehan's syndrome. The symptoms improved substantially upon replacement with steroids and thyroid hormones and she was able to resume her routine activities. The psychiatric features of hypopituitarism can be attributed to a combination of hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, and hypocortisolism and have been shown to reverse with adequate hormone replacement.
Hypopituitarism ; Psychotic Disorders ; Hypopituitarism