Objective To extract the total protein of K326 tobacco leaves with high expression of Nicotiana alata defensin 1(NaD1) gene and analyze its bioactivity.Methods Total proteins were extracted from Nicotiana alata flowers,wild type(WT) and K326 tobacco leaves(transgenic) with high expression of NaD1 gene,and determined for the concentrations by Bardford method,while for the antibacterial activity against fungi by filter paper method,and for the inhibition activity on cancer cells(HeLa cells) by CCK-8.Results The total protein concentrations of Nicotiana alata flowers,WT and transgenic K326 tobacco leaves were 11.25,10.33 and 10.14 mg/mL,respectively.The antibacterial activity of total protein from transgenic K326 tobacco leaves against Candida albicans was(85.68±3.08)%,which was 1.33 and 1.14 times that of total protein from WT K326 tobacco leaves and Nicotiana alata flowers,respectively(F=15 339,P <0.05);The antibacterial activity against Fusarium oxysporum was(148.48±2.47)%,which was 1.09 and 1.08 times that of total protein from WT K326tobacco leaves and Nicotiana alata flowers,respectively(F=4.927,P <0.05).The IC_(50) value of transgenic K326 tobacco leaf protein on HeLa cells was the smallest(6.11 mg/mL),and the inhibitory activity was 1.56 and 1.21 times that of total protein of WT K326 tobacco leaves and Nicotiana alata flowers,respectively(F=89.748,P <0.05).Conclusion The total protein of K326 tobacco with high expression of NaD1 gene has good antibacterial and anticancer bioactivities,which provides an experimental basis for producing antibacterial and anticancer biological agents with tobacco as bioreactor.

The Janus kinase (JAK) /signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway plays an important role in the occurrence of dermatomyositis. JAK inhibitors can block signal transduction dependent on JAK/STAT pathway-related factors, and inhibit immune cell activation and T cell-mediated inflammatory responses. So far, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has only approved rheumatic arthritis and myelofibrosis as the indications of JAK inhibitors, but there have been many reports on JAK inhibitors for the treatment of refractory dermatomyositis. This review summarizes the role of JAK/STAT pathway in the pathogenesis of dermatomyositis, the mechanism of action and clinical application of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of dermatomyositis.

Objective:To evaluate the implementation effects of critical illness insurance of New Cooperative Medical System(NCMS) on the occurrence rate and economic burden of major disease expenditure.Methods:Based on the peasant household data of China Family Panel Studies(CFPS) in 2014.the two-part model was applied to analyze the changes in major disease occurrence and burden after the implement of insurance.Results:NCMS critical illness insurance did not reduce the occurrence of critical disease expenditure,but signally cut down the economic burden of serious illness peasants in central and eastern China.Conclusion:The implementation effect of NCMS critical illness insurance was well in central and eastern China,but was poor in western China;the prevention and health care system of NCMS should be built,while the implementation plans and compensation level of critical illness insurance should be improved in western region.

Objective To establish fingerprints of cultured Cordyceps Militaris, Cordyceps Sinensis and Fermental Cordyceps.Methods Water soluble components in Cordyceps Sinensis were extracted by ultrasonic method. The characteristic fingerprints were established by HPLC, with Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5μm) as column and acetonitrile (A)-0.04 mol/L KH2PO4 (B) as mobile phase;gradient elution (0-16 min, 0%A;16-38 min, 0→10%A;38-58 min, 10%→15%A;58-65 min, 15→0%A);the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;column temperature was 25℃;the detection wavelength was 260 nm;the injection volume was 20μL. The HPLC characteristic fingerprint of mycelium was developed, and the components of adenosine, uridine, guanosine, inosine, uracil, adenine and cordycepin were identified and compared.Results This method is with high degree of precision, good repeatability and stability. With adenosine as reference peak, similarity of 11 batches of Cordyceps Sinensis collected from different habitats, 10 batches of cultured Cordyceps Militarise and 12 batches of Fermental Cordyceps were 0.889-0.982, 0.781-0.980 and 0.502-0.970, respectively.Conclusion There were good similarities between the standard fingerprint and each fingerprint of the eleven samples of Cordyceps Sinensis. There were low similarities between the standard fingerprint and each fingerprint of the ten samples of cultured Cordyceps Militaris and the twelve samples of Fermental Cordyceps. This method can be reference base for the evaluation of quality of cultured Cordyceps Militaris and Cordyceps Sinensis.

The paper is to report the establishment of a population pharmacokinetic model for flurbiprofen (FP), an active metabolite of flurbiprofen axetil (FA). 246 FP serum concentration and clinical data were perspectively collected from 23 general anaesthesia patients receiving FA intravenously before operation in Dentofacial Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. Population pharmacokinetic data analysis was performed using NONMEM software. The measure of Bootstrap was applied for internal validation, while Visual Predictive check was adopted for external validation. The data of FP correspond with two-compartment model. The body weight (WT) had conspicuous effect on clearance and volume of central compartment, while sex, age and daily dose of administration had no marked effect on pharmacokinetic parameter of FP. The basic model was described as follows: CL (L x h(-1)) = 1.28x EXP(ETA(1)), V1 (L) = 5.03x EXP(ETA(2)), Q (L x h(-1)) = 8.5 x EXP(ETA(3)), V2 (L) = 4.39 x EXP(ETA(4)). The final model was described as follows: CL (L x h(-1)) = 1.32 x (WT/60) x EXP(ETA(1)), V1 (L) = 5.23 x (WT/60) x EXP(ETA(2)), Q (L x h(-1)) = 8.45 x EXP(ETA(3)), V2 (L) = 4.37 x EXP(ETA(4)). The population typical value of CL, V1, Q and V2 were: 1.32 L x h(-1), 5.23 L, 8.45 L x h(-1) and 4.37 L, respectively. Bootstrap and visual predictive check show that the final model of FP is stable, effective and predictable. A novel population pharmacokinetic model is developed to estimate the individual pharmacokinetic parameter for patients intravenous injecting FA in terms of patients' characteristics and dosing history, and to design a prior dosage regimen.

Objective To compare the cognitive difference of subjects'responses to the same visual stimuli under two different priming conditions,and to discuss the influence of inversion effect and configural changes upon facial recognition.Methods Priming pattern was employed,and subjects were induced to recognize the same stimuli as schematic faces or three English letters under different priming conditions.The participants'accuracy and reaction times were compared in two priming conditions. Results Participants'accuracy of the comparison stimuli in facial priming condition decreased significantly by inversion effect((79.03±10.53)%vs(89.43±9.98)%,P<0.01);reaction times of priming stimuli and comparison stimuli were delayed by inversion effect significantly((3720.40±607.71)ms vs(2998.33±544.02)ms,(3521.80±1038.20)ms vs(2750.87±867.13)ms,P<0.01),and there was no influence of inversion effect upon the reaction times of English letter stimuli(P>0.05).Correlations of accuracy to reaction times reached no significant difference under two conditions.Conclusion Priming effect make sense in the cognition,and there was a priming stage before the facial configuration.Inversion effect shows up in the face priming condition,and vanish in the English letter priming condition,which demonstrate the importance of configuration and inversion effect in the facial cognition.What's more,such effect can't be explained by the changes of cognitive difficulty.

Stroke has high incidence,long course,high mutilation rate and high mortality rate,which brings heavy economic burden to patients and the society. This article introduces the research methods and achievements of economic burden of stroke; identifies the latest trend and the gap of applying these methods in this research area in China,in order to provide methodological reference for related research in the future.

Objective: To estimate the burden of disease (BOD) attributable to main risk factors of chronic diseases in Zhejiang Province in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the control strategy for chronic diseases and reducing BOD. Methods: The results of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 ( GBD 2017 ) were extracted to evaluate years of life lost due to premature mortality ( YLL ), years lived with disability ( YLD ) and disability-adjusted life years ( DALY ). The gender- and age-specific BOD attributable to main risk factors of chronic diseases, including the environment, metabolism and behaviors, in Zhejiang Province in 2017 was estimated and compared with those in 1990. Results: High DALY rates of chronic diseases were estimated attributable to tobacco use ( 2 807.08/105 ), unreasonable diet ( 2 724.72/105 ) and hypertension ( 1 878.69/105 ) in Zhejiang Province in 2017, and high DALY rates of chronic diseases were estimated in men attributable to tobacco use ( 4 764.77/105 ), unreasonable diet ( 3 297.00/105 ) and hypertension ( 2 076.92/105 ), while high DALY rates of chronic diseases were estimated in women attributable to unreasonable diet ( 2 117.16/105 ), hypertension ( 1 668.24/105 ) and hyperglycemia ( 1 100.53/105 ), respectively. Among individuals at ages of 15 to 49 years, high DALY rates of chronic diseases were estimated attributable to unreasonable diet ( 759.29/105 ), drug abuse ( 611.71/105 ) and tobacco use ( 605.37/105 ); among individuals at ages of 50 to 69 years, high DALY rates of chronic diseases were estimated attributable to tobacco use ( 5 528.37/105 ), unreasonable diet ( 4 628.18/105 ) and hypertension ( 2 757.78/105 ); and among individuals at ages of 70 years and older, high DALY rates of chronic diseases were estimated attributable to unreasonable diet ( 16 370.09/105 ), tobacco use ( 15 551.40/105 ) and hypertension ( 14 408.63/105 ). As compared to those in 1990, the DALY rates of chronic diseases attributable to high body mass index, alcohol use, hyperglycemia, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and drug abuse increased by 108.23%, 48.59%, 23.17%, 17.64% and 6.06%, and the DALY rates of chronic diseases attributable to air pollution, occupational risks, unreasonable diet and impaired renal function reduced by 51.11%, 44.81%, 22.49% and 19.83%, and no significant alterations were detected in DALY rates of chronic diseases attributable to tobacco use or hypertension in 2017. Conclusions There was a high BOD of chronic diseases attributable to tobacco use, unreasonable diet and hypertension in Zhejiang Province in 2017, and the BOD of chronic diseases attributable to high body mass index, alcohol use and hyperglycemia appeared a tendency towards a rise in Zhejiang Province in 2017 relative to in 1990.

Objective To develop an HPLC method for determination of content of ergosterol in cultured Cordyceps militaris and natural Cordyceps sinensis. Methods Diamonsil C18(2) column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used, with methanol-water (98∶2) as mobile phase, column temperature of 25 ℃ , flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection wavelength of 280 nm. Results The linear range of ergosterol was 0.197 7-3.954 9 μg (r=1.000), and avarage recovery rate was 99.51%, RSD was 0.56% (n=9). Conclusion This method is effective, sensitive and accurate with high repeatability and stability, which is helpful for the determination of ergosterol in the cultured Cordyceps and natural Cordyceps.

Objective To investigate the effects of inosine on the neuronal apoptosis and the expression of cytochrome C mRNA after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats,and to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of inosine. Methods SD rats model of focal ischemic reperfusion was induced by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with a nylon monofilament suture. Inosine (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally twice following MCAO. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidy1 transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end -labeling (TUNEL) staining. In situ hybridization was performed to examine the expression of cytochrome C mRNA. Results TUNEL-positive cells were observed 2 h after reperfusion and peaked at 1 d and 2 d after reperfusion in cortex and striatum respectively. Inosine reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells at and after reperfusion 12 h. Cytochrome C mRNA expressed in cortex and striatum of ischemic hemisphere as early as at 2 h after reperfusion and reached a peak at 12 h and 1 d in cortex and striatum respectively. Inosine could diminish the expression of cytochrome C mRNA at and after reperfusion 12 h. Conclusions Inosine might play a neuroprotective role by inhibiting the neuronal apoptosis and the expression of cytochrome C mRNA which were induced by cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.