Considering the problems such as reposition limited, easily detached and singly fired of the existing clip products, we developed an endoscopic multiple-clip applier which can apply 4 clips fired successively at a time. Th instrument also equipped with an independent grasper which can be used to clamp target tissues. In order to explor its feasibility and effectiveness of endoluminal closure of gastric perforation, 22 pig stomachs were making a 1 cm full-thickness incision from outside and closed by multiple-clip applier (n = 12) in vitro. Outcome was measured by bursting pressure and compared with negative control (n = 5) and hand suture (n = 5). We set a threshold pressure value (10 mm Hg) for a secure closure. Except 2 cases of invalid data, the mean bursting pressures of negative control, multiple-clip applier, hand suture were (1.5 ± 0.3) mm Hg, (46.0 ± 7.1) mm Hg, and (72.5 ± 7.7) mm Hg, respectively. The results showed that bursting pressure of multiple-clip applier was significantly higher than that of negative control (P < 0.05) and threshold value. Multiple-clip applier can be served as an effective and safe device to perform the endoluminal closure of gastric perforation.
Animals ; Endoscopy ; Equipment Design ; Stomach Diseases ; surgery ; Surgical Instruments ; Swine

Objective To provide a reference for prevention of trace elements deficiency in children by investigating the distribution and variation law of Ca,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mg of children in Beijing area.Methods Five kinds of trace elements( Ca,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mg) in peripheral blood of 7972 children of Beijing Children's Hospital for health examination from 2010 to 2011 were detected by atomic absorption spectrometer.The children were Beijing urban residents.They were divided into five age groups:infancy group ( 1 - 12 months,1506 cases),toddler age group ( 1 - 2 years,2766 cases),preschool age group ( 3 - 6 years,1918 cases),school age group (7 - 11 years,1576 cases) and adolescence group ( 12 - 18 years,206 cases).According to gender,each group was sub-divided into male and female group.The distributions of the 5 kinds of trace elements were analyzed among different age and gender groups.Results With the age increasing,the trend of the levels of Ca and Cu were downward,but the levels of Zn and Fe were upward,and the level of Mg was stable.For boys and girls,the levels of Cu in infancy group were (21.90 ±2.89) and(21.25 ±2.80) μmoL/L; in toddler age group,they were (21.76 ±2.78)and (21.29 ±2.69) μmol/L; in preschool age group,they were ( 21.32 ± 2.83 ) and ( 20.88 ± 2.84 ) μ mol/L; and in school age group,they were (20.81 ± 3.02 ) and ( 20.36 ± 3.37 ) μmol/L,respectively.The distribution of Cu showed significantly different among different gender groups ( t =4.640,4.475,3.290,2.894; P ＜ 0.01 ).In adolescence group,the levels of Cu were ( 19.53 ± 2.91 ) and (20.30 ± 2.90) μmol/L for boys and girls respectively and there was no significant difference ( t =- 1.796,P ＞ 0.05 ).In each gender group,the content of Ca,Zn,Fe,and Mg was not significantly different between boys and girls.It was common for the deficiency of Zn and Fe in all ages.Their total deficiency rates were 58.9％ and 19.2％.The deficiency rates of Zn and Fe in infancy were 67.7％ and 42.3％.Conclusions The distributions of Ca,Cu,and Mg in peripheral blood of children in Beijing become reasonable.Fe and Zn are deficient in different degree,and should be rationally used according to clinical guide.

Objective To investigate the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in the migration of lymphocytes and acute hepatic failure. Methods BALB/cJ mice (6-8 weeks, female) were intraperitoneally injected with 100 PFU mouse hepatitis virus-3(MHV-3). The proportions and numbers of T cells and NK cells in liver, spleen, and blood as well as the expression of CXCR3 in T cells, and NK cells post MHV-3 infection was analyzed by flow cytometry. The hepatic mRNA level of the CXCR3-associated chemokines(CXCL9 and CXCL10) was detected by real-time PCR. A transwell migration assay was used to assess the chemotactic effect of MHV-3-infected hepatocytes and CXCL10 on the splenic lymphocytes. Results Following MHV-3 infection, the number of hepatic NK cells and T cells and the frequencies of hepatic NK cells and T cells expressing CXCR3 increased markedly; however, in the spleen and peripheral blood, they both decreased significantly. Moreover, the hepatic mRNAs levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were significantly elevated post infection. The transwell migration assay demonstrated that MHV-3-infected hepatocytes have the capacity to attract and recruit the splenic NK cells and T cells, and CXCL10 plays a key role in lymphocyte mobilization from the spleen. Conclusion Interactions between CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10),especially CXCL10 may play a key role in the recruitment of intrahepatic lymphocytes and subsequent necroinflammation and acute hepatic failure in MHV-3 infection.

Objective To study ultrastructure changes of myocardium and morphic change of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice with viral myocarditis(VMC).Methods Our experiment established animal model of VMC by the way of coxsackie virus B3(CVB3) inoculation,then we studied the changes and apoptosis of cardiomyocyte by ways of microscope and electron microscope.Results The myocardial changes and inflammatory cell infiltration were found by ways of microscope and electron microscope from 5 days after virus inoculation in experimental mice,the peak changes were at 7-9 days,and were almost recoverd at 35 days.Apoptotic changes and apoptotic bodies were found by eletron microscope at 7-9 days after virus inoculation in mice with VMC.Conclusions VMC can be caused in mice after CVB3 inoculation,abnormal cardiomyocyte apoptosis can be found in VMC.

Objective To explore the application of bacterial community diversity profiling in forensic comparison of soil.Methods The DNA profilings of bacterial community from 5 soil samples of different source and 4 samples of same source were obtained through the specific amplification of 16S rDNA segments followed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP)analysis,and the similarity indexes between different soil samples were calculated.Result The ranges of similarity indexes between different sources of soil samples were 0.3～0.44,and the ranges between same sources of soil samples were 0.76～0.87.Conclusion There is a great relativity between the bacterial community diversity profiling and the source of soil sample.

Objective:To study the correlation of elastase(EA) and ? 1-antitrypsin (? 1-AT) level in gingival crevicular fluid(GCF) of different periodontal status and their roles in periodontal inflammatary pathogenesis. Methods: 62 volunteers aged 45～51 years old were enroled.Their periodental status were examined and grouped into healthy periodontium (H),8 cases,marginal gingivitis (MG),12 cases,mild chronic periodontitis (MCP),20 cases and advanced chronic periodontitis (ACP),22 cases.EA in GCF were measured with a chromogenic low molecular weight substrate reaction and the ? 1-AT with ELISA. Results: Significantly positive correlation was found between GCF-EA activity and clinical periodontal parameters (P

Objective:To study the effect and clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) in viral myocarditis(VMC).Methods:Animal model was established by serum TNF-? in VMC mice was assayed by the way of ELISA.In addition,VMC mice were treated by TNF-? mAb and rTNF-?,death rate andmyocardial change of intervention group were compared with control group.Results:Serum TNF-? in VMC mice increased apparently.Inflammatory cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis had ralations with TNF-? in VMC.Inflammatory cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis in the mice of exogenous TNF-? intervention group were more serious than simple VMC group apparently,death rate of mice was also higher than simple VMC group.Inflammatory cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis in the mice of TNF-? mAb intervention group were milder than simple VMC group apparently,death rate of mice was also lower.Conclusion:TNF-? take part in the immunoreaction and pathogenesis of VMC,it has important significance to the therapy of VMC.

Objective To investigate the effects of phenylephrine and norepinephrine on tissue oxygen metabolism in elderly patients undergoing fluid restriction. Methods Eighty elderly patients who had underwent elective colorectal surgery were selected, with ASA of Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade. The patients were divided into restricted fluid administration combined with phenylephrine group (group Ⅰ) and restricted fluid administration combined with norepinephrine group (groupⅡ) by random digits table with 40 cases each. The compound recipe sodium lactate was given at a rate of 5 ml/(kg · h). Small dose of phenylephrine was infused intravenously at 0.1-0.3μg/(kg · min) simultaneously during the surgery in group Ⅰ, or norepinephrine 0.01-0.03 μg/(kg · min) in group Ⅱ. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was maintained ≥ 65 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa). The intraoperative blood loss was replaced with the equal volume of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. The blood gas analysis, hemoglobin and so on were determined before the surgery (T0), 1 h after beginning of surgery (T1), 2 h after beginning of surgery (T2) and at the time of leaving operation room (T3). The complications were recorded. Results There were no statistical differences in MAP, central venous pressure (CVP), heart rate, lactic acid, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, central venous oxygen pressure, central venous blood oxygen saturation, oxygen uptake rate, hemoglobin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and incidence of complication between 2 groups (P>0.05). The T1-3 hemoglobin and arterial oxygen content (CaO2), T1 and T3 venous oxygen content (CcvO2) and T2 atrerial venous oxygen content differences (Da-cvO2) in groupⅠwere significantly higher than those in groupⅡ, hemoglobin:(103.8 ± 7.9) g/L vs. (110.8 ± 8.6) g/L, (101.7 ± 7.7) g/L vs. (107.3 ± 7.8) g/L and (101.6 ± 6.9) g/L vs. (106.8 ± 5.6) g/L; CaO2: (140.6 ± 9.7) mmol/L vs. (149.6 ± 10.5) mmol/L, (137.5 ± 9.3) mmol/L vs. (144.9 ± 10.2) mmol/L and (137.2 ± 9.2) mmol/L vs. (143.1 ± 8.9) mmol/L;CcvO2:(119.8 ± 10.2) mmol/L vs. (126.4 ± 10.8) mmol/L and (102.3 ± 8.6) mmol/L vs. (108.5 ± 8.9) mmol/L;Da-cvO2:(19.6 ± 3.9) mmol/L vs. (23.0 ± 4.5) mmol/L, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). Conclusions Phenylephrine has more effect on tissue oxygen metabolism in the elderly patients undergoing fluid-restricted abdominal surgery.

Objective To discuss the clinical value of retroperitoneal laparoscopic simple nephrectomy. Methods Retroperitoneal laparoscopic simple nephrectomy was performed in 6 patients, including 5 cases of severe hydronephrosis with non-functioning kidney resulted from ureteral calculi and 1 case of renal tuberculosis. The operation was conducted via retroperitoneal approach. After the upper ureter and the renal pedicle were exposed, the renal artery and vein were clipped and severed. The renal pedicle was occluded only with titanium clips before the removal of the kidney. Results All the operations were performed successfully without complications. The operation time was 130~220 min (mean, 150 min) and the intraoperative blood loss, 80~150 ml (mean, 120 ml). The postoperative hospital stay ranged 5~7 days. Follow-ups for 3 months in the 5 patients with ureterolithiasis revealed normal renal functions. The patient with renal tuberculosis was given anti-tuberculosis therapy and followed for 6 months. No recurrence was seen and the patient’s serum creatinine level was 120 ?mol/L, which was slightly higher than the normal. Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic simple nephrectomy has advantages of minimal invasion, short hospital stay and rapid recovery. The procedure should be regarded as the “golden standard” for simple nephrectomy.

Aim To investigate the transcytosis mechanism of chlorogenic acid(CGA)by using Caco-2 and MDCK(Madin Darby canine kidney) monolayers models.Method ① Caco-2 and MDCK cell models:Caco-2 cell(105 cells/cm2) and MDCK cell(5?104 cells/cm2) were inoculated in Millicell-CM culture plate inserts,and the TEER of cell monolayer were detected to make sure the models are available for experiments.② Permeating experiments: to measure the value of OD of CGA and calculate the cumulative amount.Result CGA could be Absorbed and secreted on two monolayer models.Verapamil could inhibit the secretion at lower concentration of CGA on MDCK monolayer model.P-pg could partly act on the secretion of CGA on Caco-2 and MDCK cell models.Conclusion CGA can secrete and Absorb at the same time across Caco-2 and MDCK cell monolayers,P-pg partly involving in the secretion of CGA.