Prevalence rates of paediatric allergic diseases have been gradually increasing worldwide,which cannot be ignored.The theory of atopic march of paediatric allergic diseases has been verified as early in 1985.The atopic march refers to that allergic symptoms in infancy or early childhood often predate development of other allergic diseases later in life.A number of longitudinal epidemiological studies support this theory,mainly from Europe and North America.However,there are some challenges to this theory.Allergic disease in children is influenced by various factors such as early wheezing,gender and a parental history of allergic diseases.This article reviews the latest progress on the atopic march of paediatric allergic diseases,which may provide clues to the early recognition and management of children at high risk of these diseases.

Case teaching is one of the important means to improve teaching effect in the process of pharmacology teaching. According to the teaching object, teaching objectives and requirements to build one useful teaching case library about pharmacology, which can be used and shared for a long time, is the premise of case teaching in pharmacology. According to the actual situation of case teach-ing in our university, this study researched and explored the background of case library building, the basic principles of case compilation, the establishment of team, the teacher-led and the student-oriented processes of case building, and the process of sorting and summarizing cases in the case library build-ing, which promotes the reform in the pharmacology case teaching, improves teaching quality, and also provides a reference for other universities or schools and disciplines on teaching case library building.

Vaccine is expected to be a promising tool for malaria prevention and control.However, safe and effe-ctive malaria vaccine is not yet available for field use so far.They can be pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine, blood stage vac-cine and transmission-blocking vaccine.This review summarizes the progress of the vaccine development in the recent field trials.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementi a.PET probes can specifically detect the in vivo amyloid β peptide(Aβ) and Tau protein in AD inpatients' brain.The application of PET probes in AD is important for its early diagnosis and early intervention.US FDA has approved three PET probes for Aβ imaging while probes for Tau are still under research and development.This review summarizes current development of Aβ and Tau PET probes used for AD.

Objective To assess the effects of Mtwo for root canal therapy in the aged patients .Methods One hundred and fifty-two root canals in 64 teeth for root canal therapy (RCT) in aged patients(60~70years)were randomly divided into M groups and K groups.Mtwo machine with nickel titanium file was used in M group (32 teeth, 78 root canals), and stainless steel file in K group (32 teeth, 74 root canals).Root canal preparation time, root spread reaction, and canal filling effects were compared between two groups.Results The root canal preparation and filling in group M were better than in K group ( P <0.05).The time consumption of RCT in M group was shorter than in group K .Conclusions Mtwo shows good shaping ability and is safe for aged patients in root canal treatment with high efficiency .

Recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) is a common disease in China. Modern medicine usually treats it with antibiotics. However, the drug resistance and adverse reaction of antibiotics lower the therapeutic effects and the compliance of patients. Based on the overall concept of Chinese medicine and the relationship of pathogenic factors and vital qi, Professor Zhang Qi proposed the general principles of RUTI treatment according to its different phases and patterns. The principles are listed as follows, eliminating method was used in the treatment of excess pattern;invigorating method was used in the treatment of deficiency pattern; and promoting of body resistance and eliminating pathogenic factors method was used in the treatment of the deficiency-excess complex pattern. These principles have instructional significance for clinical application.

One-hundred and twenty 4-week-old Wistar rats were selected.After making the model of goiter by iodine deficiency,the rats were divided into 4 groups:normal control group (NC),model control group (MC),excessive iodine group(IE) and herbs rich in iodine group (HIE).The rats were killed 0 week and 8 weeks after different treatments.The activity of rat serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),xanthineoxidase (XOD),and superoxide dismutase (SOD),as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),were measured by biochemical methods.The expression of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the rat thyroid was detected by immunohistochemistry method.The expression of peroxiredoxin5 (PRDX5) in the rat thyroid was detected by the Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.After 8 weeks of different treatments,the SOD activities in IE group decreased significantly compared with HIE group(P＜0.05).While the GSH-Px activities in IE group and HIE group decreased significantly compared with MC group (both P ＜ 0.01),the values of H2O2 in IE group increased significantly compared with NC group (P＜0.05).The values of MDA in IE group increased markedly compared with HIE group (P＜0.05).The XOD activities in IE group and HIE group were significantly higher than NC group.(both P＜0.01).The expression of thyroid 4-HNE in IE group was significantly higher than HIE group(P＜0.05).The expression of thyroid PRDX5 in HIE group was markedly higher than that in the other groups,as shown by both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting methods (all P＜0.05).Compared with excessive iodine intake,herbs rich in iodine may cause less damage to thyroid follicular cells and make iodine deficiency induced goiter recover more completely,suggesting that this improved result may be related to the enhanced antioxidant capacity,owing to administering iodine-rich herbs.

Ocular surface diseases are common diseases in ophthalmology.It is difficult for clinicians to make early and accurate diagnosis based on symptoms, signs and serologic examination.Compared with the blood test, the tear test can reflect the condition of the local ocular surface and it has the characteristics of being non-invasive, having high diagnostic accuracy and fast diagnostic speed.Tear detection uses modern detection techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, gene chip and protein chip to detect the pathogen and immune components in tear, including microbial nucleic acid, tear antibody (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, antinuclear antibody, etc.) and cytokines (interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, interference factor, transforming growth factor, epidermal growth factor, etc.). Tear detection provides information about the pathogen infection and immune response on the ocular surface.At present, a large number of domestic and foreign tear detection studies show that there are certain regular changes in tear composition, not only in ocular surface diseases, uveitis, fundus diseases, thyroid related ophthalmopathy, but even in systemic diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis B, acquired immune deficiency syndrome etc.In addition, the research of tear pathogen and immune components is of great significance to study the cause, biochemical and immune process, treatment of diseases.In this paper, the latest research progress of tear collection, the clinical significance of tear pathogen and immune components and the characteristics of tear in various diseases was summarized and analyzed to provide reference for clinical practice.

Objective: To investigate the antitumor effects of melittin on UMR-106 cells with osteosarcoma xenografts in nude mice and its action on vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in vitro and in vivo. Methods: A three-dimensional cell culture system was formed on matrigel coats in vitro. Inhibitory action of melittin on the VM of UMR-106 cells was observed in vitro. Osteosarcoma was orthotopically transplanted in nude mice. The mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal saline (NS)-treated group, melittin group (320 μg/kg) and DDP-treated group(2 mg/kg). The drug was administered intratumorally for 10 d. The tumor volume and weight inhibition ratio were calculated, respectively. The VM density in tumor tissues was detected by CD34 and PAS double staining in vivo. The expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) proteins were determined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. Results: Melittin broke down the mesh and round architectonic of VM in osteosarcoma in vitro. The tumor weight inhibition ratio was 38.92% and the volume inhibition ratio was 43.04%. The VM density and the expressions of HIF-1α and MMP-2 proteins were decreased in the melittin group than that in the NS-treated group (P <0.01). Conclusion: Melittin markedly inhibites the growth of osteosarcoma UMR-106 xenografts in nude mice. The mechanism may be due to down-regulation of HIF-1α and MMP-2 expression and the inhibition of VM.

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs,about 20 nucleotides in length.They play a pivotal role in the regulation of genes involved in diverse biology processes such as cell development,proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis by the translation repression or mRNA degradation.Recent evidence has suggested that miRNA alterations are involved in the initiation and progression of various human cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and miRNA-expression profiling of HCC has identified signatures associated with diagnosis,staging,progression and prognosis.As a novel molecular target,miRNAs holds great promise in diagnosis and biotherapy of HCC.