Objective To examine the distribution of high-affinity neurotrophin receptors, viz. TrkA, TrkB and TrkC receptors, in the four-order central pathway of trigeminal proprioception in the rat. Methods Avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method of immunohistochemistry with diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen was employed to identify the immunoreactive cells. Results All three receptors were detected in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, the second-and third-order nuclei in the central pathway of trigeminal proprioception. Within each of these nuclei, cells immunostained for the three receptors differed in density. TrkA-and TrkB-immunostaining was observed on the cell bodies and processes; TrkB, however, labelled much longer processes. TrkC staining was mainly restricted to the cell bodies.Conclusion In the central pathway of the trigeminal proprioception, each of the three receptors may play a specific role in maintaining the survival of neurons and in regulating the neurotransmitter release.;

Objective Probe application value of CHN(the standards of skeletal maturity of hand and wrist for Chinese-CHN method)bone age in judicial identification,and analyze factors and related problems which influence its accuracy.Methods 522 patients participated in judicial identification of living age estimation.Two posteroanterior radiographs for the left wrist were shot with respective exposure value for all patients.And two oblique radiographs were added.Bone ages were estimated according to CHN method.Result Among 522 cases were 489 males and 33 females.Bone ages of 129 males reached to tiptop of CHN-18.4 and average bone age of other male patients is 16.5.Bone ages of 14 females reached to tiptop of CHN-17.3 and average bone age of other female patients is 15.7.Among 522 cases there were 388 patients with their CHN bone ages above 16.0,about 74.3%.The group of data indicates that multiple factors can influence accuracy of bone age estimation.Among them change of radiograph position and angle influenced estimation accuracy most.Conclusion If radiographs of high quality can be acquired,CHN method can be proficiently used,and radiologists can pay attention to the effect on estimation accuracy of epiphysis classification by change of radiograph position and angle,then CHN bone age can mostly meet requirements of living age estimation.

Objective To investigate whether the serotonin(5\|HT)\|like immunoreactive axons synapse upon the second\|order neurons on the central pathway of the trigeminal proprioception in the rat. Methods Electron microscopic double\|labeling of retrograde tract\|tracing technique combined with immunohistochemistry. Results Following the injection of wheat germ agglutinin\|horseradish peroxidase (WGA\|HRP) into the dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus(Vpdm) of the rat and the immunostaining for 5\|HT, there were neurons retrogradely labeled by WGA\|HRP and axon terminals with 5\|HT\|like immunoreactivity(5\|HT\|LI) in the dorsomedial part of the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and its adjacent lateral reticular formation(Vodm\|LRF).At the electron microscopic level,the 5\|HT\|immunostained axonal profiles were observed to make synaptic contacts with the WGA\|HRP\|labeled neurons.Both the axon\|somatic and axon\|dendritic synapses were found.These synapses were mainly of symmetric type although the asymmetric ones were also seen.Conclusion\ The present results provided a morphologic basis for the serotoninergic terminals which might be involved in the regulatory effect for the trigeminal proprioceptive information transmission.\;[

Previous studies showed that the Vodm-LRF-including the dorsomedial part of the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and its adjacent lateral reticular formation--contained the second-order neurons on the central pathway of the trigeminal proprioceptive sensation of the rat and the "zone-shaped area"-including the caudolateral part of the supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup-CL). The dorsomedial part of principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vpdm) and two newly found nuclei: the areaventral to the motor trigeminal nucleus (AVM) and the area dorsal to the superior olivary nucleus (ADO)-contained the third order neurons of this pathway. Parvalbumin (PV) is one of the calcium-binding proteins, In this pathway, many PV-like immunoreactive (PV-LI) neurons were observed in Vodm LRF and the "zone-shaped arena", hut there has been no reports so far regarding whether these PV-LI neurons are projection neurons responsible for the transmission of proprioceptive information or the interneurons serving the modulatory function, in the present study, our aim was to solve the problem by a double labeling study by using retrograde tracing method combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry. The results showed that: (1) following the unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) injections into the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus and the separated parts of the "zone-shaped area", viz, Vpdm, ADO and AVM, many FG-labeled neurons were always found contralaterally in the "zone-shaped area" and ipsilaterally in the Vodm-LRF, respectively; (2) in either the "zone-shaped area" or the Vodm-LRF, a substantial number of the FG retrogradely labeled neurons showed PV-LI. In the Vsup-CL, Vpdm, AVM and ADO, about 57%, 55%, 11% and 4% of the neurons projecting to the VPM of the thalamus showed pV-LI, respectively. Of the total population of PV-LI neurons in the Vsup-CL, Vpdm. AVM and ADO, about 23%, 79%, 53% and 16% were labeled by FG, respectively. Most of these PV/FG double-labeled neurons were medium- to small-sized, round, piriform or irregular in shape. On the other hand, in the Vodm-LRF, approximately 33%, 34% and 50% of the neurons which projected to the Vpdm, AVM and ADO expressed PV-LI, respectively. The percentage of PV/FG double-labeled neurons to the total number of the PV-LI neurons in Vpdm, AVM or ADO were 26%, 17% or 11%, respectively, The present results indicated that PV might play an important role in the transmission of the trigeminal proprioceptive information of the rat from Vndm-LRF to the contralateral VPM of the thalamus through the "zone-shaped area".

[Objective]To evaluate the initial effect of the computer-assisted total knee replacement system.[Method]The 24 computer-navigated knees in our department were involved,and were matched at ratio of 1∶3 by previous cases at sex,age and disease.All cases anteroposterior and lateral projection X-ray films were checked postoperatively.We compared ? and ? angles at anteroposterior films,? and ? angles ant lateral films of all involved cases[Result]Although there was no significant differences existing between two groups,we still observed the obvious reduce risk of malplacement both for femoral and tibial prosthesis,and improvement of mechanical alignment.[Conclusion]By using computer-navigated total knee replacement system during operating,the precise and repeatability could be ensured.

Objective To observe the relationships among the direct projection neurons from the lumbar spinal cord to the lateral parabrachial nucleus(LPB),calbindin D-28K(CB)-like immunoreactive (-LI) neurons,peripheral noxious information transmission as well as substance P receptor(SPR)-LI neurons. Methods Triple-labeled techniques were used by tetramethyl rhodamine(TMR) retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry for CB-,SPR- or Fos protein.The stained sections were observed under a confocal laser-scanning microscope. Results 1.After injecting TMR to the unilateral LPB,a number of TMR retrogradely labeled neurons were mainly distributed in the lamina Ⅰ,lateral spinal nucleus(LSN),and regions around the central canal of the spinal cord(lamina X) of the ipsilateral spinal cord;2.CB-LI neurons were mainly found in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the lumbar spinal cord,especially in the lamina Ⅱ in the dense distribution; 3.SPR-LI neurons were also mainly seen in the lamina Ⅰ,LSN and lamina X of the spinal cord.A few of the SPR-LI neurons were also distributed in the lamina Ⅱ;4.Fos-positive neurons were detected in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,lateral aspect of the lamina Ⅴ to Ⅶ of the lumbar spinal cord by injecting 5% formalin into the ipsilateral hindpaw;5.Triple-labeled neurons for TMR/CB/SPR or TMR/CB/Fos were mainly found in lamina Ⅰ,while a few of the triple-labeled neurons were also found in lamina Ⅱ of the dorsal horn.TMR/CB/SPR triple-labeled neurons accounted for 103%,98% and 146% of total population of TMR-,CB- or SPR-LI neurons in laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,respectively.On the other hand,TMR/CB/Fos triple-labeled neurons formed 118%,106% and 158% of the total population of TMR-,CB-LI or Fos-positive neurons in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,respectively.Conclusion\ The results indicated that in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the lumbar spinal cord some neurons with CB-Like immunoreactivity transmitting the peripheral noxious information and projecting directly to the LPB might receive SPergic primary afferents.

Objective To analyze the efficacy of kaolin intake amount as an index for motion sickness (MS)induced by different motion patterns stimulating the vestibular receptors of rats.Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups.Three groups were subjected to one of the following stimulations,respectively-linear acceleration along either the interaural axis(IA)or body axis (AP),and double rotation(DR)stimulation.Other 2 groups were used as control.Kaolin intake was recorded for consecutive 6 d,3 d before and 3 d after stimulation,and the data were statistically analyzed.Results It was found that:1)following IA,AP and DR stimulations,25%,17% and 58% of the rats in each group increased mean kaolin intake by 1 g in the 3 d phase post-stimulation compared with that in the same duration of pre-stimulation,respectively;2)in contrast to some prewous reports,the present observation showed that high Ievel of kaolin intake post-stimulation may persist for more than one day.Conclusion All 3 tvpes of stimulation methods can serve as ways of specifically stimulating vestibular end-organs to induce kaolin intake increase,and double rotation iS the most effective.

OBJECTIVE:To establish UV-spectrophotometry method in the determination of metformin hydrochloride in compound metformin hydrochloride tablets.METHODS:The determination was carried out with water as the solvent under the detection wavelength of233nm.RESULTS:There was a good linear relationship between metformin hydrochloride and its absorbability(r=0.9999)within the concentration range of1～10?g/ml.The average recovery was99.3%with RSD at0.24%(n=9).CONCLUSION:The method is accurate,fast,convenient,and which can be used to determine the contents of metformin hydrochloride in compound metformin hydrochloride tablets directly without isolation.

Objective To observe the relationship between 5-Hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)-like immunoreactive terminals and the vestibulo-parabrachial nucleus projection neurons which may express 5-HT1A receptor in the vestibular nuclear complex(VNC). Methods Retrograded-tract tracing technique combined with double labeling of immunofluorescence histochemical was used,and the stained sections were observed under a confocal laser-scanning microscope. Results Following injection of tetramethylrhodamine(TMR) into the parabrachial nucleus, many retrogradely labeled neurons were observed bilaterally within VNC,but with an ipsilateral predominance.Immunofluorescence histochemical staining showed that many neurons expressed(5-HT1A) receptor-like immunoreactivity and a large number of 5-HT immunostained fibers or terminals were found in the medial,spinal,superior,lateral vestibular nucleus(MVe,SpVe,SuVe,LVe),X nucleus and Y nucleus.Confocal laser-scanning microscopy revealed that some TMR-labeled neurons were 5-HT_1AR immunopositive,and some of the cell bodies or dendrites of TMR/5-HT1AR double-labeled neurons were closely apposed by 5-HT-like immunoreactive terminals.Conclusion The present study suggests that 5-HT may modulate vestibular signals along the VNC-parabrachial nucleus pathway via 5-HT1A receptor.

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of the ends of the fractured bone is heavily expressed 72 hours to 3 weeks after the fracture and it is supposed that it has a promoting effect on fracture healing. Inducing angiogenesis through VEGF gene transfection has gradually attracted the attention of the researches.OBJECTIVE: To find an efficient way of exogenous VEGF gene in vivo transfection through injecting the mixture of positive ion liposome transfection agent and plasmid and to study the promoting effect of extra VEGF gene expression on bone fracture healing.DESIGN: A randomly grouping, blank control trial.SETTING: Animal Laboratory of Huaxi Medical Center of Sichuan University MATERIALS: Totally 40 adult male SD rats, weighing 230 to 250 g,were involved. All the animals were randomly divided into the experiment group and the control group with 20 rats in each group.METHODS: The experiment was conducted at the Animal Laboratory of Huaxi Medical Center of Sichuan University from April to December 2003.Altogether 40 rats were involved to establish fractured models of right shaft of femur. Cut the bone in the middle of bone stem, retroplanted a Kirsh' nail with 1 mm diameter through intercondylar part and the fractured bone was fixed. In the experimental group, a mixture of 100 μL of liposome transfection agent and 100 μg of pBLAST49-mVEGF plasmid was injected in multiple points into the subperiosteum of the both sides of the ends of the fractured bone. The same volume of normal saline was injected into the rats in the control group. Then, 2 rats in each group were put to death 3,7,14,28,42,56,70 days after the operation and femoral bone specimen was collected.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Observation of right femoral fractured staining results of VEGF, with the apperance of brown granules as positive.RESULTS: Two rats were selected at 7 time points separately, and altogether 28 rats entered the stage of result analysis. The other 12 rats were fracture at different time points: For the experimental group, 28 days after the operation, cartilage callus appeared and replaced fibrocallus gradually,and the fracture line disappeared. Fifty-six days after the operation, the bone healed completely. For the control group, 28 days after the operation , fibrocallus was observed, and the fracture line was still clear. 56days after the operation, much callus appeared, and the fracture line beof fractured bone was stained with hemotoxylin eosin (HE). In the experiment group, 56 days after the operation, the bone healed completely and trabecular like bones were rebuilt. The bone marrow cavity of the fractured region was open again. In the control group, Fifty-six days after the operation, no mature bone was formed, and the bone marrow cavity was not different time points: The expression in the two group reached to the peak on day 14 and began to decrease on day 28. The expression of VEGF in the experimental group was obviously higher than that in the control group.CONCLUSION: Injection of the mixture of positive ion liposome transfection agent into the subperiosteum of rats is an effective approach for in vivo transfection and pBLAST49-mVEGF gene transfection can effectively facilitate the bone fracture healing of rats.