Clinical studies confirm that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy could significantly reduce mortality rate of patients with the operable breast cancer and improve surviral rate. At present, adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer is developing for the direction of high specificity, more efficiency and low toxicity. Individualized and standardized comprehensive treatment which based on molecular genetic analysis is the direction of adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer.

As one of the treatment options for early stage NSCLC,stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)is mainly applied to the inoperable patients.Compared with small doses of traditional fractionated radi-ation treatment,SBRT are taken a single high dose of radiation.A large body of experience has been accumula-ted over the years and the mathematical model to describe survival in high dose range typically used in SBRT and the best dose of segmentation model were focused on,but there has not yet reached a consensus.Studies show that SBRT has certain advantages in local control ratio and adverse reaction compared with traditional radiotherapy,which can be used in operable patients in the future.

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play an important role in radiation and chemotherapy resistance.Different cancer subtypes mean different BCSCs.Inhibitors for BCSCs are gradually explored in clinical trials.Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are crucial process to tumor metastasis.CTCs seem to be associated with stem cell phenotype.Therefore,further research for BCSCs will enable us to achieve improvement of their clinical application.

Neoadjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer patients means systemic treatments before operations.Combination chemotherapy,endocrine therapy and targeted therapy before operation can degrade the tumor staging and increase the breast-conserving rates.Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been accepted as one of the standard therapies for patients with locally advanced breast cancers.In the neoadjuvant setting,the studies about the use of aromatase inhibitors and trastuzumab in selected patients have also made great progresses.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more susceptible to oxidative damage and has a higher mutation rate compared with nuclear DNA due to the absence of protective histone proteins and imperfect repair system.Somatic alterations in mtDNA have been proposed to contribute to initiation and progression of human cancer in previous researches.However,the role of these mtDNA alterations in gastric cancer progression remains unclear.Point mutations and mtDNA content alterations are the two most common mtDNA alterations that result in mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cancers.Identifing somatic mtDNA alterations in gastric cancers as well as their association with the clinicopathological parameters of gastric cancer,and exploring the causative factors of the somatic mtDNA alterations in cancer progression have been a new direction of gastric cancer research in recent years.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a special subgroup of breast cancer with more aggressive biological behavior and clinicopathological characteristics,and the therapy of TNBC has always been the research difficulty and hot spot.Currently,surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy are still the main method in local treatment,amd the research of traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapy have been made some progress.Meanwhile,new drugs continuously appear in recent years.

The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) is a clinical trials cooperative group supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI).The NSABP has conducted clinical trials in breast and colorectal cancer for nearly 40 years,many of which have greatly improved the therapies in breast and colorectal cancers.There have been some new advances on new adjuvant chemotherapy regimens,targeted therapy,adjuanvt and neoadjuvant therapies for rectal cancer in recent 5 years.

Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Humans ; Metabolomics

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is one of the primary pathway in intracellular protein degrada-tion,therefore the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme D3(UbE2D3)which involved in the ubiquitin mineralization process can affect the biological effects accordingly to affect some protein and nucleic acid content and activity. The function that participate in modification and degradation of some cancer factors is vital in tumor cells,and followed by tumor biological behavior changing. Researches show that UbE2D3 correlates with human telomer-ase reverse transcriptase( hTERT),radiation sensitivity,aggressive,etc in breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the changes in the abilities of invasion and metastasis in surviving human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells after X-ray irradiation and the related mechanism.Methods The change in radiosensitivity after X-ray irradiation was determined by colony formation assay.The abilities of invasion and metastasis were evaluated by MTF adhesion assay and Transwell invasion and migration assay in vitro.The mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin,vimentin,tumor growth factor (TGF)-β1,matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2,and MMP-9 was measured by real-time RT-PCR using SYBR Green fluorescence and Western blot.Results The colony formation assay showed that the surviving A549 cells after X-ray irradiation were more resistant to irradiation (ratio of D0 values =0.94).Their abilities of adhesion,invasion,and migration were significantly increased by 1.46 times,1.40 times,and 1.45 times,respectively.In addition,the surviving cells showed enlarged intercellular spaces and had many long pseudopodi.Compared with those in the control group,the mRNA expression levels of vimentin,TGF-β1,MMP-2,and MMP-9 of surviving cells were increased by 1.37 times,2.37 times,1.80 times,and 1.50 times,respectively,the protein expression levels of the above substances were increased by 1.60 times,1.80 times,1.10 times,and 1.20 times,respectively,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin were decreased by 59.4％ and 74.6％.Conclusions The surviving A549 cells after X-ray irradiation have significantly increased abilities of invasion and metastasis.This may be due to radiationinduced TGF-β1 expression increase that in turn promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and also due to radiation-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression increase.