Cochlear implantation has gradually been accepted as an effective treatment for many patients with severe to pround sensorineural hearing loss. The traditional cochlear implantation does not exist up to expectations in some respects. With the soft surgery technique brought forward, the idea of minimally invasive cochlear implantation is deely rooted among the people. Now many institutions are carring out a series of clinical researches and practices to improve the results of cochlear implantation surgery and reduce the complications around the world. It includes minimally invasive approach, cochleostomy and electrode insertion techniques, especially the latter two affect the preservation of residual hearing. This article is a review of the advances in minimally invasive cochlear implantation from the above three aspects.
Cochlear Implantation ; methods ; Cochlear Implants ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Hearing ; Humans ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; methods

[Summary] Chronic suppurative otitis media affects patients ’ quality of life, and is life-threatening in patients with cholesteatoma which causes intracranial or extracranial complications .The purpose of surgery is to clear up all the lesions and to reconstruct hearing function .Tympanoplasty is the main surgical method , which includes basically canal wall down ( CWD) and canal wall up (CWU) styles.CWD provides lager surgical field but impairs normal auditory canal structure ; CWU preserves the posterior wall of external auditory canal and provides better quality of life although it has higher possibility of recurrence of cholesteatoma .We reviewed the surgical methods , surgical effects , recurrence rates , and surgical indications of canal wall up mastoid-tympanoplasty , hoping to provide meaningful reference for clinical application .

Objective To study the maturation of the postural equilibrium in young children and the effects of eye-closure.Methods Altogether 214 healthy children age 4~15 were examined for upright postural equilibrium using a computerized equilibrium instrument(ST-939).With 20 healthy adults as control group,the velocity of postural sway was measured.Results ①Within the age-range of the children tested,postural sway decreased linearly with age.②Eye-closure had a remarkably effect on children's sway velocity in comparison with adult values before age eight.Conclusion Children's postural stability gradually maturates with the age.Young children may use visual information to control balance in a manner different from that of adults.It is not until after eight-year old that adults-like balance-control strategies begin to appear.

The mainstay of treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux focuses on a concoction involving proton-pump inhibitor and modified beneficial behaviors, sometimes referring to medications like H2-R blocker etc. Therapeutic effect seems to be promising although may at times be challenged by conflict researches. Voice therapy and voice parameters emerge to provide a grand new perspective in treatment and evaluation of this disease.
Humans ; Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ; therapy ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; therapeutic use

Objective To investigate the environmental risk factors for allergic rhinitis, especially indoor environmental risk factors. Methods Hospital-based case-control study design was used. The 42 adult patients with allergic rhinitis and 57 controls from the third affiliated hospital of Peking University were interviewed face to face by trained nurses using questionnaire, which included general social demographic characteristics, disease history, smoking, occupation, indoor environment, family allergic history and other relevant information. Results The case whose parents had allergic diseases likely got allergic rhinitis (OR=2.882,95%CI:1.028-8.077). The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was positively associated with salad oil used for cooking (OR=3.777, P

Objective To investigate the changes of TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) of the patients with ulcerative colitis(UC) and its possible pathogenesis mechanism.Methods In our hospital from January 2014 to January 2015,30 cases of UC were selected as the observation group,and other 10 individuals undergoing healthy physical examination in this hospital were selected as the control group.Flow cytometry was used to detect the positive expression rate of TLR4 on surface of peripheral blood CD14+ mononuclear cells.The levels of TLR4,MyD88,NF-κB(P65)mRNA expression were detected by RT-PCR.Western blot was adopted to detect the levels of TLR4,MyD88,NF-κB(P65) protein.Results The positive expression rate of TLR4 on the surface of peripheral blood CD14+ mononuclear cells in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05);the levels of TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB(P65) B mRNA and protein in the control group were significantly lower than those in the observation group(P＜0.05);the levels of TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB(P65) protein were positively correlated with the severity of UC.Conclusion The levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in PBMC of the patients with UC are significantly increased,clinic can judge the UC development degree by detecting TLR4 and NF-κB levels.

[Summary] Vocal cord movement disorders may lead to hoarseness,dysphonia or even dyspnea.They reduce the quality of speech,destroy social communications,or even are life-threatening.For patients with vocal cord movement disorders which are not sensitive to the treatment of phonation training or medication,surgical procedures can improve the quality of phonation.At present, with operation methods for vocal fold movement disorders developing rapidly,types of the operations are exploring,while at the same time the situations of confusion or repetition of operation methods and terminologies increase.On this condition,we summarized different types of surgeries for vocal cord movement disorders by reviewing relevant literatures.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the classification and distribution of external nasal fracture, and its influence to the nasal septum. METHOD: We randomly chose 60 patients who received nasal CT scan because of nasal trauma and diagnosed as external nasal fracture. We reviewed their CT data in PACS system with computer. RESULT: Of the 60 cases of nasal trauma, 90 sides got external nasal fracture, among which 58 sides (64.4%) had only nasal bone fracture, 16 sides (17.8%) had only maxillary frontal process fracture, and 16 sides (17.8%) had both. Half of these 60 patients got unilateral external nasal fracture, among whom 14 patients (46.7%) had traumatic nasal septum deviation meanwhile. The other 30 patients suffered from bilateral external nasal fracture, among whom 26 patients (86.7%) had traumatic nasal septum deviation. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Moreover, 24 patients got fracture of either nasal bone or maxillary frontal process, 11 of whom (45.8%) got traumatic nasal septum deviation at the same time. The other 36 patients suffered fracture of both these two bones, 29 of whom (80.6%) had traumatic nasal septum deviation. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). We classified the nasal bone fracture as below: 16 patients with only unilateral external nasal fracture belonged to Type I, of whom 15 patients (25.0%) were type Ia with nasal bone or maxillary frontal process fracture and 1 patient (1.7%) fell into type Ib with fracture occurred on both of these two bones at the same side. Four patients suffered bilateral external nasal fracture belonged to type II, among whom 2 patients (3.3%) belonged to type IIa with nasal bone or maxillary frontal process fracture and 2 patients fell into type IIb with fracture of both of these two bones at different sides. The other 40 patients (66.7%) belonged to Tpye III, who suffered external nasal fracture accompanied with traumatic nasal septum deviation. CONCLUSION Traumatic nasal septum deviation was extremely concomitant in patients with external nasal fracture. It will be better to perform external nasal reconstructive surgery and plasty of nasal septum deviation by using the endoscope within 1 month for the patients whose symptom were serious or who cared a lot about the appearance.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Fractures, Bone ; classification ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Bone ; injuries ; Nasal Septum ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult

Objective To discuss the application of Chinese version of Speech intelligibility rating (SIR) in e-valuating the speech intelligibility of Chinese children with hearing disorder ,and analyze its scorer reliability .Meth-ods 50 children with cochlear implants or hearing aids were interviewed using SRI Chinese version .Each child was rated by a parent and a speech and language therapist .The reliability of scores was analyzed with Spearman correla-tion coefficient ,Kendall's coefficient of concordance and Kappa coefficient .Results The complete agreement was foud in 34 cases(68% ) ,with a disagreement of one category in 14 cases(28% ) ,and a disagreement of 2 categories was found in 2 cases (4% ) .Spearman correlation coefficient was 0 .885 ,Kendall's coefficient of concordance was 0 .801 ,Kappa coeffi-cient was 0 .593 ,the result was statistically significant (P<0 .001) .Conclusion SRI Chinese version has good reliability and is helpful in evaluating Chinese speech producing ability of children with hearing disorder in everyday life .

OBJECTIVE: To explore and summarize the operation method and operation stage for cochlear implant with chronic suppurative otitis media, to provide the clinical reference for cochlear implant with chronic suppurative otitis media. METHOD: The clinical data of 6 cases of cochlear implant with chronic suppurative otitis media from Jun 2006 to Mar 2009 in our hospital was analyzed retrospectively. The operation stage. surgical skill, possible risk and prognosis was analyzed and summarized. RESULT: 3 of 6 cases received single stage subtotal petrosectomy and cochlear implant. 3 of 6 cases received subtotal petrosectomy, they received staged cochlear implant 1 to 6 months later. No complications occurred, all of the cochlear implanted had good open set speech perception. CONCLUSION Staged operation was the first choice for cochlear implant with chronic suppurative otitis media. Single stage operation took potential risks, it should be done cautiously. The key points for the operation was the clearance of the pathological tissue totally, this required good surgical skill and operation instrument.
Adolescent ; Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Cochlear Implantation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Otitis Media ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome