Shortages in the fostering of medical humanistic spirits for students majoring medical science of law in medical colleges and universities were discussed from the perspectives of concept establishment,curriculum,clinical teaching and teaching staff.The fostering of medical humanistic spirits for students should be enhanced to achieve the balance between medical humanity and legal professionalism.

Nowadays doctor-patient conflicts have benn a focus problem,which the important reason is "trust crisis"between doctors and patients.Doctor-patient trust is the guarantee of medical profession.It is the key to build binding mechanism of sincerity and trust in hospitals,promote humanistic accomplishment and medical ethics accomplishment of medical professinal.

Objective To investigate the functional and structural changes of connectivity of default mode network (DMN) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) by functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and to study the relationship between them.Methods Twenty-seven RRMS patients(clinically diagnosed as RRMS)and 27 healthy volunteers (matched to the patients in age and gender) were selected to participate in this study.All the subjects underwent 3.0 T MR scanning.Softwares such as DPARSF,MICA,TrackVis were used for data post-processing.Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex(PCC) of DMN were chosen as ROIs,and functional and structural changes of DMN and the relationship between them were analyzed.Values of r reflecting the functional connectivity and fractional anisotropy(FA) of two groups were obtained.Then statistical analysis was performed by using student t test and Pearson correlation analysis.Results The DMN space pattern of the RRMS patients was mostly identical to that of controls,but with specific difference in the connectivity strength with respect to that of controls.Particularly,the patient group showed increased DMN connectivity in the mPFC,but decreased connectivity in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and PCC.Compared with controls,the r value (0.695 ±0.151 vs.0.796±0.085),FA value(0.261 ±0.012 vs.0.285 ±0.017) between mPFC and PCC in RRMS patients were decreased (t =-3.020,-6.206,P ＜ 0.05).In addition,functional connectivity (r value) was found to correlate with structural connectivity(FA value) between the PCC and mPFC (r =0.704,0.735,P ＜ 0.01).The number of MS lesion,had no correlation with r value or FA value (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The functional connectivity and structural connectivity of DMN change in RRMS patients.The functional connectivity and structural connectivity between mPFC and PCC are both decreased in RRMS patients compared with the controls.The injury of structural connectivity may be the structural basis of the decrease of functional connectivity.

The condition of birth defects in our country is very serious,which impose an enormous burdenon the families and society.Under the vision of care ethics,this paper emphasizes understanding and caring,analyzes the ethical dilemma in the prevention of birth defects and puts forward the prevention measures in line with the codes of ethics,aiming at strengthening the practical effect of birth defects prevention work,caring about the physical and mental health of child-bearing female,and promoting social development.

Objective To assess the changes in normal-appearing white matter fiber tracts of the brainstem in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) quantitatively with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods Fifty patients with RRMS were recruited, and twenty five healthy volunteers with the same gender and age were selected as controls. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging and DTI was performed. Quantitative indexes as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values in the brainstem fiber tracts, including corticopontine tract/corticospinal tract (cpt/cst), superior cerebellar peduncle (scp), middle cerebellar peduncle (mcp), inferior cerebellar peduncle (icp), and medial lemniscus (ml) were measured and analyzed. Results In comparison with controls, decreasing FA values in cpt/cst (L:P=0.030; R:P=0.020), icp (L:P=0.030; R:P=0.037), scp (L:P=0.036; R:P=0.041) and ml (L:P=0.014; R:P=0.035), as well as increasing MD values in cpt/cst (L:P=0.004; R:P=0.046), icp (L:P=0.047; R:P=0.011), scp (L:P=0.021; R:P=0.011) and ml (L:P=0.002; R:P=0.044) were found in patients with RRMS. No significant difference of FA and MD values was found in mcp between patients with RRMS and controls (P＞0.05). None of the MD or FA values in fiber tracts of the brainstem in patients with RRMS was correlated with brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) or T2 lesion volume. Conclusion The relevant abnormalities which were found in normal-appearing white matter fiber tracts of the brainstem in RRMS patients by DTI scanning suggested pathological changes. It is presumed that the changes may be due to demyelination caused by hiding lesions.

Objective To examine brain regions with a functional connection to posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in a relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) group compared with matched control subjects,and to employ resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to PCC connectivity gathered by investigating synchronic low frequency fMRI signal fluctuations of default mode network with seed-based correlation analysis (SCA).Methods Twenty-seven patients with RRMS (RRMS group) and 27 age-,and sexmatched healthy controls (HC group) were examined by resting-state fMRI,DTI and 3D-T1 on Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T.The fMRI data preprocessing and processing was performed using Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI Advanced Edition (DPARSFA) based on Matlab 2012a,and PCC (-5,-49,40)was selected as seed.An SCA approach was used to analyze the rs-fMRI data.We examined the differences in SCA-derived connectivity metrics in patients with RRMS and healthy controls,and analyzed correlations between connectivity correlation coefficient of the differences regions and MRI-derived metrics (brain parenchymal fraction,T2 lesion load),as well as clinical metrics (expanded disability status scale,paced auditory serial addition test,and disease duration) of the disease.Results The SCA via functional connectivity of PCC showed that the temporal correlation between the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals of the default mode network was reliable spatial patterns of activation in patients with RRMS.The lower connectivity in right superior frontal gyrus within default mode network,and higher connectivity in right posterior lobe of cerebellum,right crus of cerebellum,right medial frontal gyrus,right medial occipital gyrus,left precuneus/cingulate gyrus,right angular gyrus and right cingulate gyrus were found in our study.Significant negative-related was observed between the paced auditory serial addition test and functional connectivity in right middle temporal gyrus (0.387 ± 0.216) of RRMS patients (r =-0.59,P =0.001).Significant negative correlation also was observed between the course of disease and functional connectivity in right superior frontal gyrus (0.039 ± 0.293) in patients (r =-0.39,P =0.041).There was no significant correlations between other regions with different functional connectivity and expanded disability status scale,disease duration,or brain atrophy.The connectivity in right superior frontal gyrus,left medial occipital gyrus,left precentral gyrus was decreased; and connectivity in right cerebellum anterior lobe (dentate),right frontal lobe white matter was significantly increased.Significant positive correlation was observed between the course of disease and functional connectivity in left precentral gyrus (-0.924 ± 0.253),right cerebellum anterior lobe (dentate ;0.217 ± 0.208) of RRMS patients (r =0.650,P =0.000;r =0.436,P =0.023),respectively.Conclusion These findings reveal the compensatory mechanism of the brain in response to structural damage,by means of increased activation or synchronization of default mode network,which seems to be finite.

Objective To investigate the alterations of regional spontaneous activity in patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN) during resting state.Methods Twenty-seven patients with CTN (CTN group) and 27 healthy subjects (control group) were recruited and underwent a rest-state functional MRI.The regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis was used to compare the differences of regional synchronization of spontaneous brain activity.And correlation tests were performed between ReHo values in the abnormal brain areas and clinical metrics (visual analogue scale and disease duration) of the disease.Results Compared with control group (P＜0.05,Gaussian random field correction),ReHo increased in bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and primary motor cortex (M1),right supplementary motor area (SMA),inferotemporal cortex and cerebellum,left thalamus,limbic lobe,parahippocampa gyrus,middle and superior temporal gyrus in CTN group;ReHo decreased in bilateral insula,prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex,right frontal medial cortex and superior temporal gyrus,left anterior cingulate area,supramarginal gyrus and cerebellum in CTN group.ReHo values in right frontal medial cortex was negatively correlated with the course of disease (r=-0.45,P=0.03).The ReHo values of left primary sensorimotor cortex were positively correlated with the visual analogue scale scores (r=0.46,P=0.02).Conclusion CTN patients has abnormal functional homogeneity of spontaneous brain activity in regions involved in the pain processing,which can help understanding mechanism of CTN.

Objective To investigate the small-world property of default mode network in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) compared with the (matched) healthy control subjects,using a graph theory for resting-state functional network analysis.Methods Twenty four patients with RRMS and 24 age-,and sexmatched healthy controls were exanined with resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI) and 3D-T1WI on Trio 3.0 Tesla.The R-fMRI data were preprocessed,then 20 regions of interest (ROIs) was defined and extracted from the default mode network.The functional connectivity between a pair of regions was defined as the Pearson's correlation coefficient in the time courses.Graph theoretical analysis was implemented and compared with the property of binary functional network.Further,the relationships were examined between the topological property of functional networks and the clinical parameters.Results In this study,functional network in the default mode network was conducted,and the small-world characteristics were observed in both RRMS and healthy control group.In the range of densities (Dmin:0.01∶0.48 ;Dmin =0.42),compared with healthy control group,RRMS groups had a slightly smaller normalized clustering coefficient (P＞0.05),a slightly larger normalized path length (P＞0.05),and a slightly decrease small-world index (P＞0.05).The left posterior cingulated cortex showed a significantly larger clustering coefficient in RRMS group (P=0.031) on the network threshold at Dmin.The area under a curve (AUC) for clustering coefficient measure curves of the left posterior cingulated cortex (density range of 0.42:0.01:0.48) between two groups were compared.The AUC result was similar to the Dmin result (P=0.031).Negative correlation was observed between the clustering coefficient of left posterior cingulated cortex and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) in both the Dmin(P=0.023) and the AUC (P=0.020).Conclusion The default mode network has small-world property in RRMS group.The significantly increased clustering coefficience is observed in the left posterior cingulated cortex,which may be a side effect.

Objective To quantitative analyze the injury degree of cervical cord in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients using fractional anisotropy (FA) entropy of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Methods Twenty-four CSM patients and well-match healthy volunteers underwent cervical cord DTI scanning.FA value was measured at each segment of spinal cord (including grey matter and white matter) of spinal cord level and intervertebral disc level.Further Shannon entropy of FA value was calculated in each segment to observe the disorder degree of cervical cord structure in CSM patients.After the analysis of homogeneity of variance,two samples t test analysis was used to identify FC's differences of FA and Shannon entropy of FA value between the two groups.Result In CSM group,the average FA value of whole cervical cord was 0.644 ± 0.056,while it was 0.672 ± 0.035 in the healthy control group.There was significant difference of FA values between the two groups (t=-2.049,P=0.046).The FA entropy of CSM patients' cervical cord was 0.687±0.043,while it was 0.854±0.027 in the healthy control group.The FA entropy of CSM patients' cervical cord was lower than that of control group.There was significant difference of FA entropy between the two groups (t=-12.100,P＜0.001).The significant difference between the two groups was only found at C6 level for each level's FA value.The FA entropy of CSM patients' cervical cord was significantly lower than that of control group for every level.Conclusion This decreased FA entropy of cervical cord in CSM patients indicates that FA entropy can be used to detect the disorder of cervical cord structure in CSM patients.

Objective To assess the altered regional homogeneity (ReHo) of local intrinsic cerebral activity within sensorimotor network(SMN) in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) before or after spinal cord decompression using functional MRI (fMRI). Methods Twenty-one CSM patients who would decompress spinal canal, and 21 healthy volunteers (age, gender and level of education matched) were enrolled from June 2013 to April 2014. All the patients underwent rs-fMRI examination before and 3 months after spinal cord decompression. ReHo measurement was performed statistically within a SMN mask. A second-level random-effect 2-tailed Student's t test was applied to compare the ReHo results between pre-and post-operation CSM patients and healthy volunteers. A second-level paired 2-tailed Student's t test was applied to compare the ReHo results between pre-and post-operation CSM patients. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlations between the altered ReHo and clinical evaluation. Results Compared with healthy volunteers, pre-operation patients showed significantly lower ReHo in the left postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus, together with enhanced ReHo in the right superior parietal lobule (GRF correction, P<0.05). Post-operation CSM patients showed significantly lower ReHo in the right superior parietal lobule comparing with healthy volunteers, as well as enhanced ReHo in the left postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus comparing with pre-operation (GRF correction, P<0.05). Abnormal ReHo areas in CSM patients demonstrated no significant correlation with clinical measurements (P>0.05) between pre-operation and post-operation. Conclusions Myelopathy in cervical cord may affect intrinsic cerebral activity, as patients with CSM show disrupted regional homogeneity within sensorimotor network. The change of ReHo following decompression suggests that central plasticity may influence functional recovery.