Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for facilitating intercellular communication, promoting cell migration, and orchestrating the immune response. Recently, EVs can diagnose and treat tumors. EVs can be measured as biomarkers to provide information about the type of disease and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, EVs with lower immunogenicity and better biocompatibility are natural carriers of chemicals and gene drugs. Herein, we review the molecular composition, biogenesis, and separation methods of EVs. We also highlight the important role of EVs from different origins as biomarkers and drug delivery systems in tumor therapy. Finally, we provide deep insights into how EVs play a role in reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs), describe a group of nanoparticles released by plants. These particles are characterized by a lipid bilayer structure containing various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and unique metabolites. Although the study on PDEVs is relatively new, having only been around for ten years, they have shown promising development prospects in both basic research and clinical transformation areas. Evidence suggests that PDEVs have excellent application prospects in regulating inflammation and treating tumors. Their distinctive, vesicle-mimicking architecture and stellar biocompatibility render them prime candidates for ferrying various anti-cancer agents, including RNA, proteins, and conventional chemotherapy drugs. Increasingly, studies have shown that PDEVs can be engineered as an innovative platform for combination cancer immunotherapy. Consequently, this paper provides an extensive summary of current developments in engineering methods and strategies for PDEVs in cancer treatment and combined cancer immune therapeutics. The essential characteristics of PDEVs, including the biogenesis process and components, as well as their anti-tumor activity and mechanism, are summarized. Finally, the in vivo safety of PDEVs as delivery vectors and the challenges of scale-up production and clinical transformation are discussed.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the consumption of milk tea and takeaway on overweight and obesity of college students, so as to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control of overweight and obesity among college students. Methods: A questionnaire survey and physical test were conducted among 14 379 college students from 7 universities in Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hubei and Shanxi provinces from October to November 2023 by the convenient sampling method. The self designed questionnaires on milk tea consumption and takeaway consumption were used to investigate the consumption of milk tea and takeaway among college students. The χ 2 test was used to compare the distribution difference of the detection rate of overweight and obesity among college students in different groups and different consumption frequency of milk tea and takeaway. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the consumption of milk tea takeaway and overweight and obesity. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among college students was 24.29%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among college students was statistically significant among gender, grade, single child or not and family economic status ( χ 2= 308.72 ,38.83,15.49,16.82, P <0.01). In addition, there were statistically significant differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity with different takeaway consumption frequency and milk tea consumption frequency among college students ( χ 2=21.32,46.32, P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that different consumption frequency of milk tea (1-3, 4-5, ≤6 times for every week) were positively correlated with overweight and obesity( OR =1.62,1.75,2.39), and eating takeaway every day was also positively correlated with overweight and obesity ( OR =1.32)( P ＜0.01). Interaction analysis showed that frequent joint consumption of milk tea and takeaway was positively correlated with overweight and obesity of college students ( OR =3.00, P ＜0.01). Conclusions The consumptions of milk tea and takeaway are associated with overweight and obesity among college students. Colleges and relevant departments should take effective measures to intervene in overweight and obesity among college students.

Objective To explore the influence of miR-200 c on the biological behavior of laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells and determine whether miR-200 c exerts its biological function through peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PIN1) in laryngeal carcinoma. Methods A qRT-PCR assay for the expression of miR-200 c was performed in laryngeal carcinoma tissues. Hep-2 cells were transfected with miR-200 c related small RNAs. Transwell assay detected the migration ability of the cells. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the abnormal amplification of the centrosome. A dual luciferase reporter gene system was used to detect the binding ability between miR-200 c and PIN1. Western blotting detected the protein expression level of PIN1. Results The expression of miR-200 c in laryngeal carcinoma was significantly increased. miR-200 c inhibited the migration of Hep-2 cells and could weaken the abnormal amplification of centrosome.PIN1 was confirmed as one of the target genes of miR-200 c. miR-200 c inhibited the expression of PIN1 at the translation level and could inhibit Hep-2 cell migration and abnormal centrosome amplification by regulating PIN1. Conclusion miR-200 c can inhibit the migration ability of laryngeal carcinoma cells and abnormal centrosome amplification by regulating PIN1.

Objective To evaluate the role of MSCT in diagnosing Cantrell syndrome.Methods Five patients with Cantrell syndrome were enrolled in this study retrospectively.All clinical data,especially imaging data were collected at enrolment.Maximum intensity projection(MIP),multi planar reconstruction(MPR)and volume rendering(VR)of the analysis method of MSCT were used to describe the characteristics of Cantrell syndrome.Results The age of 5 patients ranged from 2 days to 24 years,4(4/5)cases were Cantrell syndrome and 1(1/5)case was incomplete Cantrell syndrome,3(3/5)cases were confirmed by surgery.Five cases were all diagnosed as ectocardia,thoracocyllosis,pericardium defect and diaphragm defect with MSCT.Four had sternum dysplasia,abdominal wall defect, 3 had ventricular diverticulum,2 had umbilical hernia.Conclusion MSCT can be used in accurately diagnosing Cantrell syndrome in clinical work.

Objective To observe the expression of CD8 + CD28-T cells in the peripheral blood of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients,and to investigate the effect of chemotherapy on CD8 + CD28-T cells expression and its clinical significance.Methods Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the level of CD8 + CD28-T cells in peripheral blood of 70 untreated NSCLC patients and 60 healthy controls.The association between CD8 + CD28-T cells and the clinical features was analyzed.We also investigated the changes of CD8 + CD28-T cells in 30 NSCLC patients who received chemotherapy by GP (gemcitabine,cisplatin) and NP (navelbine,cisplatin).Results The proportion of CD8 + CD28-T cells in lung cancer group was significantly higher than that in healthy group (59.003％ ± 15.329％ vs.41.036％ ± 15.435％,t =35.904,P =0.001).No correlation was found between CD8 + CD28-T cells expression and the gender (F =1.374,P =0.697),pathological pattern (F =0.779,P =0.509) and clinical stage (F =0.070,P =0.933).But CD8 + CD28-T cells expression was correlated with the age (F =15.038,P =0.001).The level of CD8 + CD28-T cells after NP chemotherapy was lower than that before chemotherapy (55.293％ ± 14.637％ vs.58.793％ ± 12.510％,t =2.017,P =0.044).And the level of CD8 + CD28-T cells after GP chemotherapy was lower than that before chemotherapy (54.127％ ± 13.924％ vs.60.700％ ± 16.401％,t =3.007,P =0.009).Conclusion CD8 + CD28-T cells express highly in NSCLC patients peripheral blood.Chemotherapy down-regulates CD8 + CD28-T cells expression,which provides a new reference for combination with chemotherapy and immunotherapy in NSCLC patients.

As an inhibitory receptor , T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain containing molecules-3 ( Tim-3 ) expresses high levels in the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment .Tim-3 can promote T cell exhaustion , negatively regulate the anti-cancer immuni-ty of NK cell and induce polarization of macrophages to M 2.Tumor can escape from immunological surveillance through Tim-3.Tim-3 plays an important role in the development and transformation of gastrointestinal tumors .This article summarizes the role of Tim-3 in the gastrointestinal tumors from the aspects of gene polymorphism , T cells, NK cells and mononuclear macrophage .

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a damage-associated molecular pattern, exists ubiquitously in the cells of mammals. It contributes to maintaining the structure of nucleosome and modulating transcription of gene in nuclei. Extracellular HMGB1 plays two-way roles in promoting inflammatory and tissue repair. Released actively as well as passively following cytokine stimulation during cell death, HMGB1 may act as a late inflammatory factor and an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern recognized by its receptors. And it may mediate the occurrence, development and outcome of the inflammatory injury of digestive system diseases, such as gastric mucosal injury, inflammatory bowel-disease, liver injury, pancreatitis, and so on. This review mainly concerns the research progresses of HMGB1 in the inflammatory injury of digestive system diseases. At the same time, HMGB1 itself, or as a therapeutic target, can promote tissue repair.
Animals ; Digestive System Diseases ; pathology ; HMGB1 Protein ; metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation ; pathology

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of Th17 and Tc17 cells in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients.Methods The percentages of Th17 cells and Tc17 cells in 60 lung cancer patients and 40 healthy controls were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis (FCM).Results The percentages of Th17 cells [(1.795±0.623) ％] and Te17 cells [(0.865±0.357) ％] in lung cancer group were significandy higher than those in controls [(1.405±0.256) ％,(0.640 ±0.204) ％],(t =28.944,P ＜ 0.001,t =14.051,P ＜ 0.001).Furthermore,there was a positive correlation between Th17 cells and Tc17 cells in the two groups (lung cancer group r =0.770,P ＜ 0.05,control group r =0.532,P ＜ 0.05).The percentages of Th17 cells and Tc17 cells were closely associated with clinical stage (F =4.882,P =0.011,F =3.633,P =0.033),but not connected with pathological types (P ＞ 0.05,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The overexpression of Th17 and Tc17 may be involved in the occurrence and development of lung cancer,which can be used as new indicators for immunologic function of lung cancer patients,and provide a reference in monitoring the disease.

ObjectiveTo evaluate “main line teaching-topic design” based classroom discussion method in immunology teaching. MethodsStudents of five-year class of pharmacology of Grade 2008 and Grade 2009 were selected to sit the innovating teaching.The teaching methods included main line teaching,topic design,classroom discussion and experimental operation.The evaluation of the effect was analyzed by the way of a questionnaire and comparing test scores.ResultsQuestionnaire survey results show that more than 73.5％ of experimental class students thought that the “main line teaching-topic design” based classroom discussion method helps to stimulate their learning enthusiasm and improve comprehensive ability.By T test,the difference of the average scores of experimental class and control class students was statistically significant ( P=0.0028 ).ConclusionThe “main line teaching-topic design”based classroom discussion method is accepted as an effective approach of immunology teaching and worth to extensive application.