Objective To discuss the display format of cockpit displays of traffic information (CDTI) that would influence the performance of conflict detection at different conditions of temporal and spatial features of air traffic situation.Methods Fifty-four subjects viewed dynamic encounters between own aircraft and three intruder aircrafts with a simulated CDTI.Subjects were asked to estimate potential conflict between intruder and own aircraft.Effects on conflict detection performance were explored with CDTI display format as well as intruder's distance and time to closest point of approach (CPA).The experiment was designed to be three factors measured repeatedly.Results Intruder's distance and time to CPA influenced conflict detection performance when separated display format was adopted to show traffic information.When integrated display format was adopted,the two independent variables before mentioned didn't influence conflict detection performance,and subjects gained high level of conflict detection performance(P

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the basic functions, working conditions and requirements of bioreactot, additional, to discuss the research process of bioreactor.METHODS: PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.) and CNKI database (www.cnki.nat/index.htm) were retrieved by the first author with search terms of "bioartificial liver, bioreactor, membrane material" both in English and Chinese. The time was limited between January 1994 and August 2009. Inclusion criteria: ①literatures closely linked to the article; ②papers published in more authoritative journals in recent years. ③the contents of old or duplicate documents were excluded.RESULTS: Totally 150 documents were seized by primary screen, 88 irrelative papers and 32 duplicate documents were excluded, finally, 30 literature entered further analysis. Bioartificial liver system has become an effective in vitro supportive treatment for hepatic failure patients. Bioreactor is an important ingredient of bioartificial liver, which provided a platform for the hepatocytes growth metabolism, substances exchange and immune isolation. The main cellulose semipermeable bioreactor comprises fiat membrane bioreactor and hollow fiber bioreactor, and the main types of semipermeable membranes contain mixed cellulose ester membrane, cellulose acetate membrane, cuprophan membrane, PVDF membrane, as well as poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane.CONCLUSION: As a dynamic system, the optimal of control system in bioreactor is conductive to regulating mass transfer and establishing bionic physical or chemical gradients, which can implement the construction of hepatocyte with smallest unit. The selection of membrane is the key link in bioreactor construction of bioartificial liver system

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and the risk factors of hospital-acquired pneumonia(HAP) in the patients with intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) .Methods The clinical data of 1 184 cases of ICH complicating HAP from Sep .2009 to Sep .2012 were analyzed retrospectively and statistically .Results The incidence rate of HAP was 13 .0% in these ICH patients , the detected pathogens were in turn Gram-negative bacilli(63 .4% ) ,Gram-positive cocci(26 .7% ) and fungi(9 .9% );the risk factors of HAP in ICH patients were related with the age of patients ,underlying disease ,length of hospital stay ,conscious state ,tracheoto-my ,amount of cerebral hemorrhage ,bulbar palsy and nutritional status .Conclusion The patients with ICH are easy to develop HAP .Aiming at the above risk factors ,the comprehensive measures should be adopted to reduce the incidence rate of HAP in ICH patients .

Regional arterial intra-chemotherapy (RAIC) was an effective method of combined therapy for pancreatic carcinoma, which could elevate the regional con-centration of anticancer agents for sufficient dosage in pan-creas, reduce the systemic adverse events, increase the toler-ation of chemotherapy.It could also increase the concentra-tion of anticancer agents in regional lymph node of pancreas, thus decrease the lymph node metastasis.The mechanism of RAIC for pancreatic cancer and the impact for lymph node metastasis needed to be further investigated.

ObjectiveTo prove that grain-sized moxibustion plus Western medication is effective in preventing the attack of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by adopting the grain-sized moxibustion to treat patients under acute attack of COPD due to accumulation of phlegm and stasis.MethodForty patients under acute attack of COPD due to phlegm and stasis were randomized into two groups. The control group was intervened by antibiotics plus Mucosolvan and nebulization (Mucosolvan+Pulmicort+Ipratropium Bromide Solution). The treatment group was intervened by grain-sized moxibustion in addition to the above treatments.Two weeks later, the two groups were compared in the use of antibiotics, C-reactive protein, and therapeutic efficacy.ResultThe use of antibiotics and the content of C-reactive protein in the treatment group were less than that in the control group.ConclusionFor patients under the acute attack of COPD due to accumulation of phlegm and stasis, grain-sized moxibustion can shorten the time of using antibiotics and descend the content of C-reactive protein by modulating inflammation.

Objective To explore the narcotic effects of different puncture in combined spinal-epidural block anesthesia for urological Surgery.Methods 108 cases of urologic surgery were selected.The patients were randomly divided into the two groups according to digital meter (each group had 54 cases).Both groups were treated with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia.The anesthesia puncture of group A were in lumbar intervertebral 2-3,the anesthesia puncture of Group b were in lumbar intervertebral 3-4.The respects of the two groups were observed and compared such as blood pressure before and after anesthesia,initial anesthesia plane,the time the drug arrived to the sixth thoracic vertebrae,additional lidocaine dose during the operations anesthesia quality rate and anesthesia side effects.Resuits The blood pressures of the patients of group A were significantly lower than those of group B 5 minutes after anesthesia (t =2.73,2.29,2.29,all P ＜ 0.05),the incidence of adverse reactions of Group B such as nausea,vomiting,low blood pressure,difficulty in breathing (24.1％,14.8％),was significantly lower than incidence of group A (44.4％,and 13.0％,x2 =4.97,5.07,4.86,all P ＜ 0.05) the set of initial plane of anesthesia of group a was significantly higher than that of group B (t =2.91,P ＜ 0.05),the time the drug arriving to the sixth thoracic vertebrae,of group A was significantly shorter than group B (t =2.42,P ＜ 0.05) the amounts of additional lidocaine dose of Group A during the operations were significantly less than group A (t =2.61,P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the anesthesia quality rate (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Selecting L3-4 puncture points in combined spinalepidural anesthesia can significantly reduce incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea,vomiting,low blood pressure and difficulty in breathing compared with selecting L2-3 puncture during urology surgery procedure.It can also reduce pain during operations.Though there are significant differences in initial level of anesthesia,the time the drug arrive to the sixth thoracic vertebrae and additional lidocaine doses,leading no effects on superior rate of anesthesia.Thus the clinical significance is not very big.

New guideline for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants,children,and adolescents was published in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine in 2012.This guideline made relevant recommendations and suggestions on intracranial pressure monitoring,threshold for treatment of intracranial hypertension,cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds,advanced neuromonitoring,neuroimaging and therapy for intracranial hypertension in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury.This guideline was simply interpretated in order to improve the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.

Intracranial hypertension is one of the most common pediatric acute and severe diseases.Intracranial pressure(ICP) monitoring can dynamically evaluate the changes of the patients with brain injury,calculate the cerebral perfusion pressure,guide the clinical treatment.ICP monitoring can not reflect the cerebral microvascular dysfunction and cell dysfunction,so it is necessary to carry out multimodality monitoring based on ICP monitoring.The information integration of ICP monitoring and multimodality monitoring is helpful to further understand the pathophysiological mechanism of brain injury,and it is also helpful for individualized treatment of patients.

Inhaled nitrous oxide (iNO) can alleviate pulmonary hypertension and enhance ventilation-perfusion matching to improve oxygenation in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS).But duration of improvement was short.From the existing researches,iNO can't effectively improve outcome in PARDS.So iNO is not recommended for routine use in PARDS.However,iNO may be used in patients with documented pulmonary hypertension or severe right ventricular dysfunction.In addition,iNO can be a rescue intervention for severely PARDS to buy time and allow other therapies.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection can cause pneumonia,bacteremia,infective endocarditis and other diseases,seriously threat to the health of children.Pediatricians should discover the focus of infection.And the focus of infection should be removed or debrided in time.Vancomycin is an important drug for the treatment of MRSA infection,the use of Vancomycin need to ensure that the blood concentration is effective.Now,the advances in treatment of MRSA infection in children was mainly summarized.