Objective: The sources of diabetes distress, defined as hidden negative emotions from the demands of daily self-management, are unknown to Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the outpatient department. Therefore, we aimed to 1) explore the sources of distress in the perspective of Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 2) create a conceptual framework of diabetes distress for Filipinos with T2DM.

Methods: Focus group discussions were done and audiotaped among Filipinos with type 2 diabetes (n=17). The transcript underwent content analysis to generate themes and subthemes. Relationships were determined between codes, categories, and themes elicited in the study to create a conceptual framework unique to Filipinos.

Results: The content analysis revealed five themes of diabetes distress: caregiver factor, socio-economic factor, psycho-emotional factor, medication-related factor, and health care service delivery factor. The socio-economic factor was a distinct theme missing in the prevailing validated questionnaires. Therefore, an adapted conceptual framework was created, as approved by the expert panel.

Conclusion: In conclusion, Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the outpatient department have multiple sources of diabetes distress, namely, caregiver factor, socio-economic factor, psycho-emotional factor, medication-related factor, and health care service delivery factor. The socio-economic factor is a unique theme identified among Filipinos. Recognizing the sources of diabetes distress is vital to accurately screen Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus and optimize management outcomes. The study findings will help develop and validate the questionnaire to screen diabetes distress unique to Filipinos.

Outpatients ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2