The objectives of prospective process validation are to evaluate the key variables and their operational ranges and to predict the "worst cases" for each investigated variable. The targets of formulation design and optimization are to establish the quantitative relationships between input variables (ingredients/ processing conditions) and output variables (product properties). There are some intersectional ideas between validation and optimization as input-output relationships, quantifiable and predictable behaviours of input and output variables, constraints of independent and dependent variables, etc. The formulation design and optimization for paracetamol tablets, in combination with process prospective validation, using the optimization and what if prediction performed by INForm v3.0 as a frame work, was successfully done to (a) determine the critical variables as well as to estimate their optimized values, (b) to investigate the variable limits as well as to predict some worst cases
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Formularies ; Drug Industry

Culture ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Formularies as Topic ; Humans ; Language ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Tablets ; Translations

Since the positive listing system for prescription drug reimbursement has been introduced in Korea, the number of pharmacoeconomic evaluation studies has increased. However it is not clear if the quality of pharmacoeconomic evaluation study has improved. Due to the lack of randomized clinical studies in Korean health care setting, Korean economic evaluation studies have typically integrated the local cost data and foreign clinical data. Therefore methodological issues can be raised in regard to data coherence and consistency. But the quality of data was not questiened and the potential bias has not been investigated yet. Even though changes in policy have encouraged the undertaking of pharmacoeconomic evaluations, there is few public-side funding for validation study of cost-effectiveness models and data. Several companies perform economic evaluation studies to be submitted on behalf of their own products, but do not want the study results to be disclosed to the academic community or public. To improve the present conduct of pharmacoeconomic evaluations in Korea, various funding sources need to be developed, and, like other multidisciplinary areas, the experts in different fields of study should collaborate to ensure the validity and credibility of pharmacoeconomic evaluations.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration ; Formularies as Topic ; Humans ; Korea ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics ; Technology Assessment, Biomedical

To curb a rapid increase in expenditures for pharmaceuticals, the Korean government introduced a positive list system and a negotiation process for drug prices at the end of 2006. Economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals has begun to have a pivotal role in the listing and pricing of drugs for the Korean National Health Insurance. There are some points to discuss regarding the use of economic evaluation in the listing and pricing in the context of the Korean system. First, the listing and pricing processes have been fragmented, evoking complaints from pharmaceutical companies and delaying the access of new drugs to patients. Second, there is a concern that the positive list system may limit the range and availability of drugs for patients to choose for treatment. Third, the time schedule for de-listing of existing drugs may not be realistic. Fourth, it is not always easy to provide reliable evidence of cost-effectiveness due to a lack of materials. Fifth, there is no consensus on the range of the ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) acceptable to the Korean society. In conclusion, in the near future, it will be necessary to evaluate the achievements that the economic evaluation has provided to the Korean society.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration ; Formularies as Topic ; Humans ; Korea ; Legislation, Drug ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics