Introduction: Alveolar bone defect in dentistry can be caused by injury after tooth extraction, periodontal disease, enucleation of a cyst, and tumor surgery. Scaffold in tissue engineering is an important material that can stimulate osteogenesis process. Lymphocyte cells have a role in promoting and accelerating the proliferation of supporting cells like osteoblast to accelerate the bone regeneration process. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan-collagen chicken shank collagen used as scaffold for bone regeneration through lymphocyte cell proliferation. Method: Twelve Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were prepared as animal models in this study. Bone defects are intentionally made in both the right and left femur bones of the rat. Total samples were 24 divided into four groups: Group 1 as a control Group using 3% CMC-Na, Group 2 using chitosan scaffold only, Group 3 using chitosan chicken shank collagen scaffold (50:50), and Group 4 using chitosan-chicken shank collagen scaffold (80:20). The animals were sacrificed on the 5th day, and histopathological examination was carried out to observe the number of lymphocyte cells. Results: Significant differences between all groups can be showed in the one-way ANOVA test (p value>0.05). The highest lymphocyte cells were found in Group 3 with chitosan-chicken shank collagen scaffold (50:50). Conclusion The chitosan-chicken shank collagen used as scaffold can increase the bone regeneration process through increased lymphocyte cell proliferation.
Chitosan ; Lymphocytes ; Bone Regeneration

ABSTRACT Functional appliances have been used over a century in clinical orthodontic treatments for skeletal Class II malocclusion patients. Its popularity is attributed to its high patient adaptability and ability to produce rapid treatment changes. The twin block and lip bumper can be combined depending on the patient’s cases. The purpose of therapy with twin block is effective in mandibular growth deficiencies to induce supplementary lengthening of mandibular by stimulating increased growth at the condylar cartilage. The patient was a ten-year-old male patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion. He had a convex facial profile, SNA (sella, nasion, A point) angle of 77.5°, SNB (sella, nasion, B point) angle of 73.0°, ANB (A point, nasion, B point) angle of 4.5°, overjet of 6.5 mm, overbite of 11/41 = 5.0 mm, 21/31 = 4.5 mm, abnormal upper labial frenulum, crossbite in the second left premolar of maxilla, crowded anterior teeth of mandibular, deficiency of mandibular growth, lower lip sucking habit, anterior teeth of maxilla with diastema and proclination. Orthodontic treatment for patient is a combination of twin block and lip bumper appliances. After seven months, frenectomy is used to eliminate and correct the spacing in the frenulum. After 10 months, the patient’s skeletal and profile had improved to skeletal Class I malocclusion, SNA angle of 78.0°, SNB angle of 75.0°, ANB angle of 3.0°, overbite and overjet of 4.0 mm, and the lower lip sucking habit had stopped. Twin block and lip bumper appliances are particularly good alternative treatment in managing selected cases of skeletal Class II malocclusion.
Malocclusion, Angle Class II

Introduction: Rice bran oil (RBO) is used in Asian countries as a daily dietary supplement. RBO is known in particular for its hypolipidemic effect. There has been increasing interest recently in the use of RBO as a means to maintain body weight and prevent obesity, though the mechanism of how this happens is still not well understood. We have investigated the effect of RBO on expression of genes that might influence energy homeostasis and feed intake. Methods: This study assessed Sprague-Dawley male rats at 12-weeks that were split into three groups over a 28-day period. A control group was fed a diet of standard rat chow, a standard group was fed standard rat chow with Orlistat (10.8 mg/kg bw/day), and a treatment group was fed standard rat chow with RBO (57.6 mg oryzanol/day). All supplementation was given by oral gavage. Possible adiposity was investigated through a histological analysis of adipocytes size measurement of intra-abdominal white adipose tissue in the rats. Changes in gene expression in the liver were determined by microarray. Results: The data suggest that RBO supplementation of a regular diet did not result in excess body weight and adiposity. A microarray analysis of the rats’ livers found that RBO altered the expression of genes related to energy homeostasis and feeding behavior, by upregulating genes such as Olr522, RGD1561231 and Rgs16. Conclusion: It is suggested that RBO supplementation can be used to maintain body weight by lowering appetite.

Introduction: ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) is one of the main causes of death among children under five in many countries worldwide. In Indonesia, 10% of ARI cases occur in East Nusa Tenggara, which is the highest prevalence of ARI in this country, with 90% of them leading to under-five mortality. There are various factors that cause the prevalence of ARI. In East Nusa Tenggara itself, environmental factors are suspected to be the risk factors for this disease. This study aims to analyse the association between environmental factors and the incidence of ARI among children under five years old in East Nusa Tenggara. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by analysing secondary data sets obtained from DHS, with a total of 337 subjects examined in this study. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between ARI and various environmental factors. Results: This study found that the prevalence of ARI among children under five years old in East Nusa Tenggara was 9.04% of all subjects. ARI was significantly associated with the types of residence (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.1-4.3) and passive smoking status (OR 4.7, 95%CI 1.8-12.4) as its risk factors. In addition, there was strong association between ARI and the types of roof (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.3-8.9) as its protective factor. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the incidence of ARI in children under five years old was closely associated with residential area, smoke exposure, and roof materials.

Introduction: Low glycaemic snacks may help to improve blood glucose control. However, data on the effect of soybean snack bars on postprandial glucose levels of the diabetic population is scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the effect of consuming soy flour snack bars on glycaemic response (GR) over a 180-minute period in individuals with diabetes by estimating postprandial glucose levels variation and total area under the curve (AUC). Methods: Nine subjects (age: 54.6±4.0 years; BMI: 25.0±2.5 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnoses without complication enrolled in this randomised, open-label, cross-over trial. On three separate sessions, they consumed glucose standard solution, soy flour snack bar (SF), and wheat flour snack bar (WF) containing 25 g of available carbohydrate, respectively. Finger prick capillary method was executed to measure blood glucose levels at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes after test product ingestion. Results: Overall, significantly lower postprandial glucose levels were observed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes (122.3±17.6, 136.3±24.9, 125.7±25.3, and 107.2±24.1 mg/dL; p<0.001) in those who consumed SF snack bars than WF snack bars (147.9±41.3, 168.0±43.6, 152.6±30.0, and 140.6±33.4 mg/dL). The AUC level after the ingestion of SF snack bar was 2044.8±503.1 mg.min/dL, >20% lower compared to ingestion of WF snack bar (4735.0±666.8 mg.min/dL), p<0.001. These glycaemic control benefits can be explained due to the high fibre and protein content linked to the physicochemical properties of SF. Conclusion: With high nutritional properties, SF snack bar has a low GR and might help control blood glucose in T2DM subjects.

BACKGROUND: In 2017, there were sixty people who identified themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender/ transsexual (LGBT) people in Sememi Public Health Center, and seven of them were known to be people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). People who are at high risk for HIV infection, especially the LGBT people and Female Sex Workers, are at even greater risk of developing a number of severe periodontal diseases. Periodontal problems, such as periodontitis, in HIV patients, are more severe and occur more frequently than uninfected patients. However, data on dental visit in Sememi Public Health Center as the primary health center in Sememi district is still limited, and there is still no data regarding periodontal health status among HIV patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between HIV/AIDS and periodontal health status among the population who are at high risk of HIV/AIDS in Sememi Public Health Center area.

METHOD: This study was conducted with a cross-sectional design. The sample size was determined using a total sampling technique and came up with 30 participants.

CONCLUSION: Population with a high risk of HIV/AIDS in Sememi Health Center area in Surabaya City has poor periodontal status, due to a large number of bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal pocket depth, and loss of attachment (LOA). There is no significant difference between BOP results and pocket depth between the HIV and non-HIV groups. But a significant difference was found between LOA in the HIV and non-HIV groups. On the contrary, we found that there is no significant relationship between HIV/AIDS and xerostomia in this study.

Introduction: For athletes, an excessive increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) after multiple endurance exercises indicates muscle glycogen depletion that induces a diminution in performance. Our study aimed to examine the efficacy of chocolate milk (CM) compared with carbohydrate-protein replacement drink (CHOPRO) in suppressing the increase in BUN level following multiple rowing exercises among national male rowing athletes aged 18–23 years. Methods: Seven male athletes from the Rowing National Training Centre, Pengalengan, West Java, participated in this single-blind, randomised crossover study. They received CM or CHOPRO during four hours of recovery between two endurance exercises. Before (pre) and after (post) multiple exercises, a venous blood sample was collected to measure the increase in BUN level. The effects of each beverage on BUN level were compared using an independent t-test. Results: The increase in pre-post BUN level was significantly lower for CM trial compared to CHOPRO trial (164.0±61.3 mmol/L vs 293.5±88.3 mmol/L, p=0.012). Conclusion: It was observed that CM reduced rate of increase in BUN level following multiple rowing exercises. Thus, CM can be useful for athletes during intense training regimen with multiple exercise sessions. Future studies should investigate the effect of CM in various types of sports, using convenient, non-invasive, and real-time measurement.