BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography has been established as one of the important diagnostic tools in detecting and classifying ovarian masses. Several studies have been made in determining the sensitivity and specificity of the different scoring systems as to determining the malignancy of ovarian masses. In a tertiary hospital ultrasound diagnostic unit, three scoring systems are utilized namely Lerner, Sassone and IOTA simple rules.
OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the sensitivity and specificity on the most utilized ultrasound scoring systems in determining malignancy of ovarian masses.
METHODS: A single center observational, analytical, cross-sectional study utilizing review of the transvaginal or pelvic ultrasound results of women with ovarian masses that were scored using Sassone, Lerner and IOTA Simple Rules in a tertiary hospital ultrasound diagnostics unit from January 2013 to June 2016 was done. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of each scoring system utilized was determined and compared with the histopathologic result.
RESULTS: Out of the 111 ovarian masses that were included in the study, 44 ovarian masses were scored using Lerner Scoring system with a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 65% 22.2% and 100%. 105 ovarian masses screened using Sassone Scoring System showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 68%, 20.5% and 100%. A total of 33 out of the 111 ovarian masses were scored using the IOTA scoring system with a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 85.6%, 55.5% and 100%.
CONCLUSION: IOTA simple rules had a high sensitivity and specificity compared to Sassone or Lerner Scoring System. However, we cannot fully conclude that individual specificity will be better than combined tests since there is limited number of ovarian masses analyzed.

Human ; Female ; High-energy Shock Waves ; Neoplasms ; Pelvis ; Sensitivity And Specificity ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Ultrasonics ; Ovary

Objective: This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) patients with brain metastasis. Materials and Methods: This was a 10‑year descriptive study that included all patients with brain metastasis from GTN. Patients’ sociodemographic and clinicopathological profiles were described. Using Kaplan–Meier survival curve, the survival time was determined Results: From January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, there were 33 GTN patients with brain metastasis. Four were excluded from the study due to incomplete records. Twenty‑nine patients were included in the study. Nineteen (65.51%) patients presented with neurologic symptoms upon diagnosis and one (3.44%) during treatment. All received etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin, oncovin (EMACO) as first‑line treatment. Five (17.24%) patients were given induction chemotherapy with low‑dose etoposide–cisplatin. Seventeen (58.62%) patients underwent whole‑brain radiation and two (6.89%) were given intrathecal methotrexate. Thirteen patients (44.82%) achieved biochemical remission with EMACO chemotherapy. Four patients (13.79%) had resistance to EMACO and were given Etoposide Cisplatin Etoposide Methotrexate Actinomycin (EP EMA). Four patients (13.79%) underwent an adjunctive hysterectomy. Four patients (13.79%) died during treatment. One patient (3.44%) was unable to continue her chemotherapy because she got pregnant before her first consolidation course. There were eight early deaths (<4 weeks of admission) and hence were excluded in the analysis. Three patients who went into biochemical remission relapsed on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months after their last consolidation course, respectively. The median follow‑up time was 27 months. After excluding early deaths, the survival rate between 3 and 7 years after treatment is at 61.9%. The mean survival time was 5.43 years. Six surviving patients were contacted. Five (17.24%) of them had resumed their everyday life, and one is currently undergoing chemotherapy. Conclusion The study was able to document brain metastasis from GTN to be 14.28% (29/203) among metastatic high‑risk admissions. The biochemical remission rate from first‑line treatment was of 61.90% (13/21) and resistance rate was 19.04% (4/21). Lost to follow up after achieving biochemical remission was a challenge encountered
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Objectives: To A functioning referral system is critical to the maternal health program, especially in the management of obstetric emergencies. This study explored supply-side barriers affecting the effective implementation of the said service delivery network (SDN) in Legazpi, Albay in the Bicol Region of the Philippines. Methods: Face-to-face in-depth interviews using semi-structured questionnaires were performed with health care providers involved in the SDN in Albay. Extensive note taking was done by the primary investigator while participants were observed during performance of duties from June - November 2018. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated into English, and analyzed thematically along with the observation notes using NVivo. A deductive-dominant approach was utilized for the data content analysis. Results: Referral system barriers identified were cross-cutting across the different components of the health system such as governance, human health resource, service delivery and information systems. The barriers were further classified into individual, organizational and external-related factors in relation to the SDN. Examples of barriers included lack of knowledge of protocols and guidelines, lack of coordination between facilities, poor data management, inadequate capacity building opportunities, and constantly changing political landscape and policies. Conclusions The study is the first to explore barriers to effective service delivery network in maternal health in the country. Findings from the study provide significant insight to areas of improvement in the SDN that must be addressed to strengthen local health systems, especially with the country’s movement towards Universal Health Care where local health systems play a key role.
Maternal Health Services ; Referral and Consultation

Background: Since 1976, Bicol Region had higher maternal mortality ratio (MMR) than the Philippine average and became the fourth region with the highest MMR in 2012. Looking at trends of maternal health outcomes and determining risk factors among mothers who died may guide interventions to reduce MMR. Objectives: To determine the changes in maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in the Bicol region from 2004 to 2017 and determine the sociodemographic profile of pregnant women who died from 2015 to 2018. Materials and Methods: A records review of Bicol?s Regional Field Health Services Information System from 2004 to 2017 and maternal death review reports from 2015 to 2018 was done. Changes in MMR was determined using Poisson regression. The sociodemographic characteristics and causes of maternal deaths were analyzed using frequencies and proportion. Results: From 2004 to 2017, MMR of 100.9 remained higher than the regional target of 31.6. Significant reductions in MMR were achieved in 2007 to 2008 and in 2011 to 2012 wherein MMR ranged between 75.3 to 89.3. However, by the end of 2012, maternal deaths again increased which reached 122.5 in 2017. From the maternal death reviews, it was observed that 29.5% of maternal deaths were aged 35 years and above and 7.5% were less than 20 years old. Mothers who had more than five pregnancies were 30.1% of total deaths. In terms of place of death, 15.7% died at home or in-transit to referral facilities. Hemorrhage or hypertension-related causes were the leading reasons for maternal deaths. Conclusion Significant reduction in MMR was not sustained after 2012 and higher deaths were reported in the succeeding years. Maternal deaths can be further reduced by using a systems approach, by promoting family planning, and by strengthening service delivery networks to effectively manage hemorrhage and hypertension-related emergencies.
Maternal Mortality ; Maternal Health

Objectives: The availability of emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) services is one of the key strategies in improving maternal health and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3. Health staff knowledge and competency on these interventions are crucial to ensure the effective handling and management of obstetric and newborn emergencies. Health workers, despite having undergone formal training, require regular refresher courses to keep up with new, evidence-based information on EmONC intervention; and to ensure compliance with national and local referral guidelines. A two-day workshop was implemented to assess the knowledge and skills of health workers in Legazpi, Albay, regarding obstetric emergency cases and referral guidelines.

Methods: A pretest was conducted on the first day to assess the knowledge of the participants. A series of lectures were given before administering a posttest at the end of these lectures. An Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) was conducted on the second day, which aimed to assess the skills of the participants.

Results: The pretest findings indicated that the participants are generally knowledgeable about areas such as handwashing and prenatal care. Results of the posttest show that participants had difficulty with the category of referrals. Moreover, comparing the pretest and posttest scores, there is strong evidence that there is a difference in the median values of the pretest scores as compared to the posttest scores. The results of the OSCE also indicate the need for further training on partograph use and adherence to an EINC protocol. More than half of the participants passed all five parts of the OSCE.

Conclusion: The workshop contributed to an improvement in the knowledge of health care workers in obstetric emergency cases. Skills-wise, more frequent training may need to be conducted to improve other competencies such as partograph utilization and the practice of EINC interventions.

Key Words: emergency obstetric care, training, skilled birth attendants, knowledge, skills

Knowledge