Objective To explore the histopathological features of renal lesions in patients with prima- ry Sjgren's syndrome(pSS)and the correlation between the findings with clinical manifestations.Methods Kidney and labial salivary gland biopsies from 16 patients with pSS were studied by a semiquantitative assess- ment approach.Results Among these pSS patients,light microscopy showed acute or chronic interstitial nephritis(IN,8/16),diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis(MePGN,3/16),mild mesangial prolifer- ative glomerulonephritis(3/16),focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS,2/16),membranoproliferative glomeru- lonephritis(MPGN,1/16)and membranous nephropathy(MN,2/16).There were 11/16(68.8%)cases had renal tubular acidosis(RTA),8 cases of them presented with IN.In two chronic renal failure cases,one showed MN and another showed IN accompanied with FSGS.Immunofluorescent examination revealed deposition of IgG, IgA,IgM,C3,Clq on the glomerular basement membrane or tubular basement membrane,mesangium focally.It was noted that the interstitial inflammation was focal in 85% of the patients and was always combined with dif- fusely distributed cellular infiltrates.The percentage of obsolescent glomeruli was found correlated with the level of vessel wall thickening(r=0.77,P=0.001)but not with the grade of tubular atrophy and interstitial fi- brosis.Creatinine clearance was correlated with the adjusted chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis(CTIN)score (r=-0.52,P=0.04)and the percentage of obsolescent glomeruli(r=-0.53,P=0.04).No association could be found between the labial salivary gland and the renal focus scores(r=0.28,P=0.30).Conclusions The renal tubular acidosis and IN are the most common findings in pSS patients with renal involvement.Glomerular dam- age is not uncommon,althought mild and is not merely secondary.Timely renal biopsy can help to estimate prognosis and guide therapy.

Objective To investigate and analyze the situation of urban and rural neglected children aged 3-6,in China,so as to provide basis for the analysis and comparison on relevant risk factors.Methods 1163 urban children aged 3-6 (with 49.6％ males and 4.5％ with minority ethnicity) were investigated from 25 cities of 14 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities in the whole country.Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used.Again,using the same sampling method,4096 rural children (of whom 50.6％ were males with 6.2％ as minorities) were chosen from 26 cities of 10 provinces or municipalities.Identification of children being neglected was based on “Child Neglect Evaluation Norms of Children Aged 3-6 Years in Urban/Rural China”.SPSS-Windows 13.0 was employed for data analysis.Scores,frequency/degrees,age,sex and types (physical,emotional,educational,safety,medical and social) of children under negligence on every group of the regions,were calculated.x2 test (Chi-Square) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were processed to determine the significance of their differences.Results The overall frequencies of negligence were 28.0％ and 53.7％ respectively among the urban and rural children aged 3-6,while the total degrees of negligence were 42.2 and 44.4 respectively.Significant difference was found between children from the urban and the rural areas (P＜0.05).Significant difference was also found between urban and rural children on every age group (P＜0.05).The frequencies of negligence among males were 32.6％ and 55.9％ respectively in urban and rural areas while among females,the figures appeared to be 23.7％ and 51.6％ respectively.The degrees of negligence were 42.7 and 44.6 among male while 41.8 and 44.3 among female children,in the urban or rural areas.Significant differences were found on male or female between urban and rural groups (P＜0.05).Frequencies of negligence in urban children aged 3-6 for the six types were from 5.1％ to 12.9％,with the frequency in rural areas as 13.1％-26.6％.Significant difference was found between urban and rural group for any other type (P＜0.05),in addition to the safety type.The degrees of negligence in urban children aged 3-6 for the different type were between 39.4 and 43.4,while in the rural areas as from 36.5 to 48.2,with significant difference for every type (P＜0.05).The degrees of negligence related to education,emotion,or physical strength were more serious on children from the urban than from the rural areas.The highest frequency of child negligence was seen in the single-parent families on both urban and rural groups (42.9％ and 60.0％ respectively),with no significant difference found (P＞0.05).The urban and rural children aged 3-6 were mainly involved in single item of negligence,with incidence rates as 16.5％ and 22.7％ and proportions as 58.9％ and 45.1％ respectively,despite the factors as age or sex.Conclusion There were large differences on the situation of negligence between the urban and rural children aged 3-6.The frequencies and degrees of negligence in every age group and different sex for children living in the rural areas were higher than those urban children.The frequency of negligence among boys was higher than girls for both urban and rural areas.The rural children had suffered more serious negligence than the urban children at any other type,in addition to the ‘ safety'.Both urban and rural children had the highest frequency of negligence in single-parent family,and were mainly suffered from single item of negligence.