Objective To explore the value of E-flow technique in ultrasound examination of fetal pulmonary vein.Methods The pulmonary veins of 332 fetus were examined using lungs as acoustic window by two-dimensional echocardiography(2DE), color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and E-flow.Visualization ratios of the three methods were compared.Results The fetal pulmonary veins were displayed as following:7 cases were showed by 2DE,49 cases by CDFI and 73 cases by E-flow among 118 cases during 12 - 22 gestational weeks.The visualization ratio of E-flow was higher than that of the other two methods (P ＜0.001).Fourty-one cases were showed by 2DE, 171 cases by CDFI and 177 cases by E-flow among 214 cases during 23 - 40 gestational weeks.The visualization ratios of E-flow and CDFI were higher than that of 2DE (P ＜ 0.001).The visualization ratio of E-flow and CDFI has no distinct differrence (P ＞ 0.0167).Conclusions E-flow was sensitive to pulmonary vein blood flow and better than 2DE and CDFI in early stage of the second trimester.

Objective To discuss the significance of high frequency ultrasound for diagnosis of congenital anomoly of pediatric kidneys. Methods Totally 118 patients with congenital anomoly of pediatric kidneys were examined with high frequency ultrasound,the characteristics of the images were analysed.Results Congenital anomoly kidneys had great diversity of variety in number,size,position,axial direction,abnormal vein and renal pelvis. In the 118 cases,pelvi ureteric stenosis was in 72 cases,renal duplication in 23,renal hypoplasia in 10,kidney deficit in 7,rotatory anomaly in 1,fused kidney in 1,and double renal pelvis in 4. Conclusions High frequency ultrasound is beneficial for diagnosing and differential diagnosing congenital anomoly of pediatric kidneys.

Objective To explore the value of ductus arteriosus in ultrasound diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by echocardiography. Methods The fetal echocardiography was performed with three segments diagnosis method. According to the fetal position, the ductus arteriosus was examined in different sections which include the V shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and right pulmonary artery,the V shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch,the three fingers sign section formed by ductus arteriosus,left and right pulmonary artery,the Z shape sign section formed by left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch. The flow velocity and the inner diameter of the ductus arteriosus were measured. Results Thirty-one cases with congenital heart disease were evaluted. Thirteen cases were approved by autopsy. Among those fetus, 4 cases went with ductus arteriosus stenosis and they all accompanied with right heart obstructing disease,3 cases went with dilated ductus arteriosus and they all accompanied with left heart obstructing disease. Retrograde were explored in 2 fetus. The flow velocity of 5 fetus ductus arteriosus were higher than the normal fetus and 4 cases of them with right heart obstruction, 1 cases with left heart obstruction. Five fetal ductus arteriosus were normal. One fetal ductus arteriosus was absent. Conclusions Assessant of ductus arteriosus by echocardiography is an important content in screening fetal congenital heart disease. It can help us to diagnose quickly.

Objective To explor the ultrasonography methodology of the fetal ductus arteriosus.Methods Based on the fetal four-chamber sight, the characteristic ultrasound images were observed by moving probe,such as "V-shape" sign,"three-finger" sign,"Z-shape" sign and"hockey-handle" sign making up of the ductus arteriosus and the nearby structures were observed by moving probe. The inner diameter,the systole flow velocity,the diastole flow velocity and the resistance index of the ductus arteriosus via the "V-shape" sign section were measured. Results Among the 365 normal fetus cases,355 "V-shape" sign cases,237 "three-finger" sign cases,298 "Z-shape" sign cases and 331 "hockey-handle" sign cases were identified. The inner diameter of the fetal ductus arteriosus increases gradually with the growth of the gestational weeks and the flow velocity increases gradually too, while the resistance index had no obvious variation with the growth of the gestational weeks. Conclusions According to the characteristic ultrasound images, such as "V-shape" sign, "three-finger" sign, "Z-shape" sign and "hockey-handle" sign, the fetal ductus arteriosus can be identified promptly.

Objective To analyze the CT findings of melamine induced urinary calculi.Methods Nineteen children with a history of ingestion of melamine contaminated infant formula milk were studied, including 12 males and 7 females, age ranged from 50 days to 5 years.Results CT demonstrated renal pelvic and ureteral stones in 13 cases, with urinary obstruction in 9 of them.The size of the stones ranged from 0.3 cm × 0.3 cm to stag-horn calculus.The density of the stones measured from a low of 40-70 HU up to a high of 410 HU with an average density of 160 HU.Conclusion CT scan is an excellent modality in demonstrating urinary tract calculi caused by melamine. It is the method of choice when ultrasound examinations are equivocal.

Objective To analyze the ultrasound findings of urinary calculi caused by melamine. Methods The urinary system of totally 5337 children were examined with high frequency convex ultrasound probe,the characteristics of the images were analysed. CT plain scan method was used when ultrasound result was in difficulty. Results There were 360 cases with calculus in the 5337 children. In the 360 cases, unilateral calculus was in 92 cases, bilateral calculus in 48, bladder stone in 3, urethra stone in 1, kidney calcium deposition in 2, suspicion stone in 214 cases, urinary obstruction in 28 of them. The size of the stones ranged from 3 mm×2 mm to stag-horn calculus. Conclusions The urinary calculi caused by melamine is sandy stone. Ultrasound result is equivocal in the disease, CT plain scan can be a method of choice. High frequency convex probe provides more clear images, more evident adminstrative levels of anatomise than general abdominal probe does. It is beneficial for diagnosing and differential diagnosing of these diseases.

Objective To investigate the feasibility, accuracy and senaitivety of echo tracking (ET) technology on carotid elasticity in rabbits. Methods Thirty-nine healthy New Zealand rabbits were divided into 4 groups,which group 1,2,3 were experimental groups and group 4 was control group. Experimental groups were fed with high cholesterol diet,control group were fed with basic diet. The parameters of elasticity of carotid were measured with ET technology, including pressure-strain elasticity modulus(Ep), stiffness parameter(β), arterial complianee(AC), pulse wave velocity( PWV), augmentation index (AI) at the interval of 0,4,8,12 weeks of the experiment respectively. Blood-fat level of all rabbits were checked and the common carotid artery was examined pathologically,which were compared and analyzed then. Results With the prolong of the experiment time,the Ep and β raised, but the AC reduced. There were significant difference between experimental group 1 (4 weeks) and basement,which were same between experimental group 2 (8 weeks) and experimental group 1, between experimental group 3(12 weeks) and experimental group 2( P<0.05). PWV increased comparing with basement in the end of 8 weeks,which increased obviously in the end of 12 weeks,meanwhile was higher than in the end of 8 weeks,which there were significant differences ( P<0.01 ). AI had no change all the time. Conclusions ET technology is accurate and reliable in detecting early atherosclerosis. Probe maintenance tool can keep the steady of checking progress, sensitive of result and repeatability.

Purpose To explore the value of high frequency convex ultrasound probe in the diagnosis of ovarian tumor in infants and young children. Materials and Methods Sixty-nine infants and young children with ovarian tumor were examined with high frequency convex ultrasound probe, and the ultrasound findings were analyzed. Results Out of 69 cases, 45 had tumors on the right side of ovary and the rest 24 on the left side;27 cases of simple cyst, 24 cases of benign teratoma, 9 cases of borderline teratoma, 3 cases of serous cystadenoma, 3 cases of mucous cystadenoma, 3 cases of yolk sac tumor;24 accompanied with torsion or necrosis. The ultrasound of ovarian tumor presented the following features:polycystic structures were common;the strong echo posterior acoustic shadow was not obvious; no specific manifestation was shown to distinguish benign from malignant tumors. Doppler ultrasound of tissues around the tumor was significant in detecting ovarian tumor torsion and necrosis. Conclusion High frequency convex ultrasound probe can provide clear images and distinct dissection information, which is beneficial in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ovarian tumor in infants and young children.